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Frases de John Maynard Keynes
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John Maynard Keynes , foi um economista britânico cujas ideias mudaram fundamentalmente a teoria e prática da macroeconomia, bem como as políticas económicas instituídas pelos governos. Ele fundamentou as suas teorias noutros trabalhos anteriores que analisavam as causas dos ciclos econômicos, refinando-as enormemente e tornando-se amplamente reconhecido como um dos economistas mais influentes do século XX e o fundador da macroeconomia moderna. O trabalho de Keynes é a base para a escola de pensamento conhecida como keynesianismo, bem como suas diversas ramificações.

Na década de 1930, Keynes iniciou uma revolução no pensamento econômico, opondo-se às ideias da economia neoclássica que defendiam que os mercados livres ofereceriam automaticamente empregos aos trabalhadores contanto que eles fossem flexíveis na sua procura salarial. Após a eclosão da Segunda Guerra Mundial, as ideias econômicas de Keynes foram adotadas pelas principais potências econômicas do Ocidente. Durante as décadas de 1950 e 1960, a popularidade das ideias keynesianas refletiu-se na influência de seus conceitos sobre as políticas de grande número de governos ocidentais.

A influência de Keynes na política econômica declinou na década de 1970, parcialmente com resultados de problemas que começaram a afligir as economias norte-americana e britânica no início da década e também devido às críticas de Milton Friedman e outros economistas liberais pessimistas em relação à capacidade do Estado de regular o ciclo econômico com políticas fiscais. Entretanto, o advento da crise econômica global do final da década de 2000 causou um ressurgimento do pensamento keynesiano. A economia keynesiana forneceu a base teórica para os planos dos presidentes norte-americanos Franklin Delano Roosevelt e Barack Obama, do primeiro-ministro britânico Gordon Brown e de outros líderes mundiais para evitar a ocorrência de uma Grande Recessão nos moldes da crise de 1929.Em 1999, a revista Time nomeou Keynes como uma das cem pessoas mais influentes do século XX, dizendo que "sua ideia radical de que os governos devem gastar o dinheiro que não têm, pode ter salvado a economia da localidade temporariamente". Keynes defendeu uma política económica de estado intervencionista, através da qual os governos usariam medidas fiscais e monetárias para mitigar os efeitos adversos dos ciclos econômicos - recessão, depressão e booms. Além de economista, Keynes era também um funcionário público, um patrono das artes, um diretor do Banco da Inglaterra, um conselheiro de várias instituições de caridade, um escritor, um investidor privado, um colecionador de arte e um fazendeiro. Dotado de imponente estatura, Keynes tinha 1,98 metro de altura. Wikipedia  

✵ 5. Junho 1883 – 21. Abril 1946
John Maynard Keynes photo
John Maynard Keynes: 147   citações 45   Curtidas

John Maynard Keynes Frases famosas

“A longo prazo, todos estaremos mortos.”

John Maynard Keynes

In the long run we are all dead.
A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), capítulo 3

“Evitar os impostos é a única atividade que atualmente contém alguma recompensa.”

John Maynard Keynes

Variante: Evitar os impostos é a única actividade que actualmente contém alguma recompensa.

“Não há evidência clara a demonstrar que a política de investimento socialmente mais vantajosa coincida com a mais lucrativa.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

“O que apenas desejamos lembrar é que as decisões humanas que envolvem o futuro, sejam elas pessoais, políticas ou econômicas, não podem depender da estrita expectativa matemática, uma vez que as bases para realizar semelhantes cálculos não existem e que o nosso impulso inato para a atividade é que faz girar as engrenagens, sendo que a nossa inteligência faz o melhor possível para escolher o melhor que pode haver entre as diversas alternativas, calculando sempre que se pode, mas retraindo-se, muitas vezes, diante do capricho, do sentimento ou do azar.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

“O capitalismo é a crença mais estarrecedora de que o mais insignificante dos homens fará a mais insignificante das coisas para o bem de todos.”

John Maynard Keynes

Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.
citado em "Moving Forward: Programme for a Participatory Economy" (2000), por Michael Albert, p. 128
Atribuídas

Frases sobre idéias e pensamentos de John Maynard Keynes

“A dificuldade real não reside nas novas idéias, mas em conseguir escapar das antigas.”

John Maynard Keynes

The difficulty lies, not in the new ideas, but in escaping from the old ones
prefácio de The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935)

“São as idéias, não os interesses encapotados, que são perigosas para o bem ou para o mal.”

John Maynard Keynes

it is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil.
The collected writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume 7 - página 384, John Maynard Keynes, Royal Economic Society (Great Britain) - Macmillan, 1971 -

John Maynard Keynes frases e citações

“Os regimes autoritários contemporâneos parecem resolver o problema do desemprego à custa da eficiência e da liberdade.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

Problema , Liberdade

“Lenin disse que a melhor forma de destruir o sistema capitalista era corromper o dinheiro. Por um processo contínuo de inflação, governos podem confiscar, sem serem observados, uma parte importante da riqueza de seus cidadãos.”

John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the capitalist system was to debauch the currency. By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens. By this method they not only confiscate, but they confiscate arbitrarily; and, while the process impoverishes many, it actually enriches some. The sight of this arbitrary rearrangement of riches strikes not only at security, but at confidence in the equity of the existing distribution of wealth. Those to whom the system brings windfalls, beyond their deserts and even beyond their expectations or desires, become 'profiteers,' who are the object of the hatred of the bourgeoisie, whom the inflationism has impoverished, not less than of the proletariat. As the inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as to be almost meaningless; and the process of wealth-getting degenerates into a gamble and a lottery.
The Economic Consequences of the Peace

De dinheiro , De arte , Riqueza

“A experiência contemporânea de restrições comerciais na Europa de pós-guerra oferece numerosos exemplos de impedimentos mal concebidos contra a liberdade que, destinados a melhorar a balança favorável, produziram, de fato, o resultado inverso.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

De guerra , Liberdade

“A tarefa de modificar a natureza humana não deve ser confundida com a de administrá-la.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

Natureza

“O hábito de não se dar a devida atenção à relação da taxa de juros com o entesouramento pode explicar, em parte, a razão pela qual o juro tem sido usualmente considerado como uma recompensa por não gastar, quando, na realidade, ele é a recompensa por não entesourar.”

John Maynard Keynes
Realidade

“Quando uma mudança no noticiário afeta a opinião e as necessidades de cada um de forma precisamente idêntica, a taxa de juros (tal como é indicada pelos preços de títulos e dívidas ) se ajustará imediatamente à nova situação sem necessidade de quaisquer transações de mercado.”

John Maynard Keynes
mudança

“Se me é permitido aplicar o termo especulação à atividade que consiste em prever a psicologia do mercado e o termo empreendimento à que consiste em prever a renda provável dos bens durante toda sua existência, de modo algum se pode dizer que a especulação sempre prevaleça sobre o investimento.”

John Maynard Keynes

“A taxa de juros não é o preço que equilibra a demanda de recursos para investir e a propensão de abster-se do consumo imediato. É o preço mediante o qual o desejo de manter a riqueza em forma líquida se concilia com a quantidade de moeda disponível.”

John Maynard Keynes
Riqueza

“Toda produção se destina, em última análise, a satisfazer o consumidor.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

De dor

“Raras são as pessoas que alteram o seu modo de vida porque a taxa de juros baixou de 5 para 4 por cento, quando a sua renda agregada permanece a mesma.”

John Maynard Keynes livro A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

A Teoria Geral do Emprego, do Juro e da Moeda

De pessoas , De vida

“Um ato de poupança individual significa - por assim dizer - uma decisão de não jantar hoje, mas não implica, necessariamente, a decisão de jantar ou de comprar um par de sapatos daqui a uma semana ou um ano, ou de consumir uma coisa específica em uma data específica.”

John Maynard Keynes
Decisão , Sapato

“Não há meio mais sutil nem mais seguro de subverter a ordem social do que o aviltamento da moeda. Trata-se de um processo que mobiliza todas as forças ocultas da lei econômica a favor da destruição, e o faz de maneira tal que em um milhão de pessoas não há uma só que seja capaz de fazer um diagnóstico.”

John Maynard Keynes

John Keynes em 1919 citado por Friedrich Von Hayek em "Desemprego e Política Monetária".
Atribuídas

De pessoas , De paz

“A poupança, de fato, não passa de um simples resíduo. As decisões de consumir e as decisões de investir determinam, conjuntamente, os rendimentos.”

John Maynard Keynes
Decisão

“Imaginar que exista algum mecanismo de ajuste automático e funcionamento perfeito que preserve o equilíbrio, bastando para isso que confiemos nas práticas do laissez-faire é uma fantasia doutrinária que desconsidera as lições da experiência histórica sem apoio em uma teoria sólida.”

John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

'Lenin was certainly right. There is no subtler, no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency. The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction, and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose.
The Economic Consequences of the Peace
Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter 6; veja texto integral no wikisource

John Maynard Keynes: Frases em inglês

“The future life of Europe was not their concern; its means of livelihood was not their anxiety. Their preoccupations, good and bad alike, related to frontiers and nationalities, to the balance of power, to imperial aggrandizements, to the future enfeeblement of a strong and dangerous enemy, to revenge, and to the shifting by the victors of their unbearable financial burdens on to the shoulders of the defeated.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter IV, p. 56

“The duty of "saving" became nine-tenths of virtue and the growth of the cake the object of true religion.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section III, p. 20

“You can't push on a string.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Attributed by [Hal R., Varian, http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/~hal/people/hal/NYTimes/2003-06-04.html, Dealing with Deflation, The New York Times, June 5, 2003, 2007-01-11]
Attributed

“This state of affairs is not an inevitable consequence of a decreased capacity to produce wealth. I see no reason why, with good management, real wages need be reduced on the average. It is the consequence of a misguided monetary policy.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“By what modus operandi does credit restriction attain this result? In no other way than by the deliberate intensification of unemployment.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“To see the British Prime Minister watching the company, with six or seven senses not available to ordinary men, judging character, motive, and subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was thinking and even what each was going to say next, and compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness, or self-interest of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor President would be playing blind man's bluff in that party.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

On David Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson, in Chapter III, p. 41
The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)

“The disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention than either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section I, p. 15

“If farming were to be organised like the stock market, a farmer would sell his farm in the morning when it was raining, only to buy it back in the afternoon when the sun came out.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Attributed by [Will, Hutton, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/02/economics-economy-john-keynes, Will the real Keynes stand up, not this sad caricature?, Guardian, November 2, 2008, 2009-02-05]
Actual quote: "the Stock Exchange revalues many investments every day and the revaluations give a frequent opportunity to the individual (though not to the community as a whole) to revise his commitments. It is as though a farmer, having tapped his barometer after breakfast, could decide to remove his capital from the farming business between 10 and 11 in the morning and reconsider whether he should return to it later in the week."
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1935), Ch. 12 http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ch12.htm
Attributed

“But the dreams of designing diplomats do not always prosper, and we must trust the future.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter IV, Section III, p. 105

“Are the solutions offered us always to be too late? Shall we in Great Britain invite three-quarters of the world, including the whole of our Empire, to join with us in evolving a new currency system which shall be stable in terms of commodities? Or would the gold standard countries be interested to learn the terms, which must needs be strict, on which we should be prepared to re-enter the system of a drastically reformed gold standard?”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The End of Gold Standard (1931)

“The mechanism of reaching equilibrium by means of a rising cost of living, which is vainly pursued by a rising level of wages, will be described in the next chapter. But it is admitted on all hands that this is the worst possible solution.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: How to Pay for the War (1940), Ch. 8 : Rationing Price Control and Wage Control

“For many ages to come the old Adam will be so strong in us that everybody will need to do some work if he is to be contented. We shall do more things for ourselves than is usual with the rich to-day, only too glad to have small duties and tasks and routines. But beyond this, we shall endeavour to spread the bread thin on the butter-to make what work there is still to be done to be as widely shared as possible. Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem for a great while. For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the old Adam in most of us!”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)

“Economics is a very dangerous science.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: Essays In Biography (1933), Robert Malthus: The First of the Cambridge Economists, p. 128

“Perhaps it is historically true that no order of society ever perishes save by its own hand.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VI, p. 238

“Most men love money and security more, and creation and construction less, as they get older.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Clissold (1927)

“For my part I think that capitalism, wisely managed, can probably be made more efficient for attaining economic ends than any alternative system yet in sight, but that in itself it is in many ways extremely objectionable.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Fonte: Essays in Persuasion (1931), The End of Laissez-faire (1926), Ch. 5

“The great events of history are often due to secular changes in the growth of population and other fundamental economic causes, which, escaping by their gradual character the notice of contemporary observers, are attributed to the follies of statesmen or the fanaticism of atheists.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter II, Section I, pp. 14-15

“When, therefore, we enter the realm of State action, everything is to be considered and weighed on its merits. Changes in death duties, income tax, land tenure, licensing, game laws, church establishment, feudal rights, slavery, and so on through all ages, have received the same denunciations from the absolutists of contract, who are the real parents of revolution.”

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John Maynard Keynes

A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923), Ch. 2 : Public Finance and Changes in the Value of Money

“The study of economics does not seem to require any specialized gifts of an unusually high order. Is it not, intellectually regarded, a very easy subject compared with the higher branches of philosophy and pure science? Yet good, or even competent, economists are the rarest of birds. An easy subject, at which very few excel! The paradox finds its explanation, perhaps, in that the master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must reach a high standard in several different directions and must combine talents not often found together. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopher – in some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purposes of the future. No part of man's nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician. Much, but not all, of this many-sidedness Marshall possessed. But chiefly his mixed training and divided nature furnished him with the most essential and fundamental of the economist's necessary gifts – he was conspicuously historian and mathematician, a dealer in the particular and the general, the temporal and the eternal, at the same time.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 170; as cited in: Donald Moggridge (2002), Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography, p. 424

“The next move is with the head, and fists must wait.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: Essays In Biography (1933), Trotsky On England, p. 91

“There is no harm in being sometimes wrong — especially if one is promptly found out.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: Essays In Biography (1933), Alfred Marshall, p. 175

“The forces of the nineteenth century have run their course and are exhausted.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro As Consequências Económicas da Paz

Fonte: The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), Chapter VII, p. 254

“Why should coal miners suffer a lower standard of life than other classes of labour? They may be lazy, good-for-nothing fellows who do not work so hard or so long as they should. But is there any evidence that they are more lazy or more good-for-nothing than other people?
On grounds of social justice, no case can be made out for reducing. the wages of the miners. They are the victims of the economic Juggernaut. They represent in the flesh the "fundamental adjustments" engineered by the Treasury and the Bank of England to satisfy the impatience of the City fathers to bridge the "moderate gap" between $4.40 and $4.86. They (and others to follow) are the "moderate sacrifice" still necessary to ensure the stability of the gold standard. The plight of the coal miners is the first, but not—unless we are very lucky—the last, of the Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill (1925)

“Inflation is unjust and Deflation is inexpedient. Of the two perhaps Deflation is, if we rule out exaggerated inflations such as that of Germany, the worse; because it is worse, in an impoverished world, to provoke unemployment than to disappoint the rentier. But it is not necessary that we should weigh one evil against the other. It is easier to agree that both are evils to be shunned.”

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John Maynard Keynes livro Essays in Persuasion

Essays in Persuasion (1931), Social Consequences of Changes in The Value of Money (1923)

“Communism draws its strength from deeper, more serious sources. Offered to us as a means of improving the economic situation, it is an insult to our intelligence. But offered as a means of making the economic situation worse, that is its subtle, its almost irresistible, attraction. Communism is not a reaction against the failure of the nineteenth century to organize optimal economic output. It is a reaction against its comparative success.”

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John Maynard Keynes

“Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Report and A Discussion”, G.B. Shaw, J.M. Keynes et al., London, The New Statesman and Nation, (1934) p. 35

“Shaw and Stalin are still satisfied with Marx’s picture of the capitalist world… They look backwards to what capitalism was, not forward to what it is becoming.”

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John Maynard Keynes

“Stalin-Wells Talk: The Verbatim Report and A Discussion”, G.B. Shaw, J.M. Keynes et al., London, The New Statesman and Nation, (1934) p. 34

“My only regret is that I have not drunk more champagne in my life.”

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John Maynard Keynes

At a King's College college feast, as quoted in 1949, John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946, Fellow and Bursar, (A memoir prepared by direction of the Council of King’s College, Cambridge University, England), Cambridge University Press, 1949, page 37. This in turn quoted in Quote Investigator, " My Only Regret Is That I Have Not Drunk More Champagne In My Life https://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/07/11/more-champagne/", 2013-07-11
Attributed

“Being an optimist, I am still hopeful that it may end in the division of Spain geographically into two states. But, above all, I want the war to come to an end and not to extend.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Letter to Kingsley Martin on the Spanish Civil War (9 August 1937), quoted in Kingsley Martin, Editor: A Second Volume of Autobiography, 1931–45 (1968), p. 257
1930s

“If one is born a political animal, it is most uncomfortable not to belong to a political party; cold and lonely and futile it is.”

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John Maynard Keynes

Am I a Liberal? (1925)

“How can I accept a doctrine which sets up as its bible, above and beyond criticism, an obsolete economic textbook which I know to be not only scientifically erroneous but without interest or application for the modern world?”

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John Maynard Keynes

Fonte: Laissez-faire and Communism (1926), pp. 99