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Frases de David Hume
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David Hume foi um filósofo, historiador e ensaísta britânico nascido na Escócia que se tornou célebre por seu empirismo radical e seu ceticismo filosófico. Ao lado de John Locke e George Berkeley, David Hume compõe a famosa tríade do empirismo britânico, sendo considerado um dos mais importantes pensadores do chamado iluminismo escocês e da própria filosofia ocidental.David Hume opôs-se particularmente a Descartes e às filosofias que consideravam o espírito humano desde um ponto de vista teológico-metafísico. Assim David Hume abriu caminho à aplicação do método experimental aos fenômenos mentais. Sua importância no desenvolvimento do pensamento contemporâneo é considerável. Teve profunda influência sobre Kant, sobre a filosofia analítica do início do século XX e sobre a fenomenologia.

O estudo da sua obra tem oscilado entre aqueles que colocam ênfase no lado cepticista e aqueles que enfatizam o lado naturalista . Por muito tempo apenas se destacou em seu pensamento o ceticismo destrutivo. Somente no fim do século XX os comentadores se empenharam em mostrar o caráter positivo e construtivo do seu projeto filosófico.David Hume foi um leitor voraz. Entre suas fontes, incluem-se tanto a Filosofia antiga como o pensamento científico de sua época, ilustrado pela física e pela filosofia empirista.

Fortemente influenciado por Locke e Berkeley mas também por vários filósofos franceses, como Pierre Bayle e Nicolas Malebranche, e diversas figuras dos círculos intelectuais ingleses, como Samuel Clarke, Francis Hutcheson e Joseph Butler , é entretanto a Newton que Hume deve seu método de análise, conforme assinalado no subtítulo do Tratado da Natureza Humana – Uma Tentativa de Introduzir o Método Experimental de Raciocínio nos Assuntos Morais.

Seguindo atentamente os acontecimentos nas colônias americanas, tomou partido pela independência americana. Em 1775, disse a Benjamin Franklin: "sou americano em meus princípios". Wikipedia  

✵ 26. Abril 1711 – 25. Agosto 1776
David Hume photo
David Hume: 162   citações 52   Curtidas

David Hume Frases famosas

“Em nossos raciocínios a respeito dos fatos, existem todos os graus imagináveis de certeza. Um homem sábio, portanto, ajusta sua crença à evidência.”

David Hume

O Livro da Filosofia, pg. 150 - Editora Globo"

“A beleza não é uma qualidade inerente às coisas. Ela existe apenas na mente de quem as contempla.”

David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 1‎ - Página 225 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QV4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825
Variante: A beleza das coisas existe no espírito de quem as contempla.

“A razão dos cépticos e a razão dos dogmáticos são de um mesmo género, apesar da contrariedade das suas operações e das suas tendências.”

David Hume

Citações de homens de David Hume

“O coração do homem existe para reconciliar as contradições.”

David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

the heart of man is made to reconcile contradictions
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 1‎ - Página 64 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QV4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

“Seja um filósofo, mas, no meio de toda sua filosofia, não deixe de ser um homem.”

David Hume

Be a philosopher ; but, amidst all your philosophy, be still a man.
Essays and treatises on several subjects‎ - Página 285 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EHQRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285, David Hume - Printed for A. Millar; and A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, at Edinburgh, 1758 - 539 páginas

“Nenhuma verdade me parece mais evidente que os animais serem dotados de pensamento e razão tal como os homens. Os argumentos neste caso são tão óbvios, que nunca escapam aos mais estúpidos e ignorantes.”

David Hume

Next to the ridicule of denying an evident truth, is that of taking much pins to defend it; and no truth appears to me more evident, than the beasts are endow'd with thought and reason, as well as men. The arguments are in this case so obvious, that they never escape the most stupid and ignorant.
A treatise of human nature: reprinted from the original ed. in 3 v‎ - Página 176, David Hume - Clarendon Press, 1949 - 709 páginas

Frases sobre idéias e pensamentos de David Hume

“Todas as nossas ideias ou percepções mais fracas são imitações de nossas mais vivas impressões ou percepções.”

David Hume

“A verdade é de dois géneros: consiste ou na descoberta das relações das ideias consideradas como tal, ou na conformidade das nossas ideias dos objectos com a sua existência real.”

David Hume

David Hume frases e citações

“O hábito é o grande guia da vida humana.”

David Hume

Custom, then, is the great guide of human life
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 2‎ - Página 44 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=dDU1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

De vida

“A natureza, por uma necessidade absoluta e incontrolável determinou-nos para julgar, assim como para respirar e sentir”

David Hume

O Livro da Filosofia, pg. 152 - Editora Globo"

De idade , Natureza

“Se nos cai nas mãos um volume, por exemplo, de teologia ou de metafísica escolástica, perguntamo-nos: Contém alguma argumentação abstracta sobre a quantidade ou os números? Náo. Contém alguma argumentação experimental sobre questões de facto e existência? Não. Então, que seja jogado ao fogo, pois contém apenas sofismas e ilusões.”

David Hume
Questão , Mães

“Mas faça com que sua ciência seja humana de tal modo que possa ter uma relação direta com a ação e a sociedade. Eu(natureza) proibo o pensamento abstruso e as pesquisas profundas; irei puni-los severamente pela melancolia que eles introduzem, pela incerteza sem fim que o envolvem e pela fria recepção que seus falsos descobrimentos encontrarão quando comunicados.”

David Hume

Indulge your passion for science, says she, but let your science be human, and such as may have a direct reference to action and society. Abstruse thought and profound researches I prohibit, and will severely punish, by the pensive melancholy which they introduce, by the endless uncertainty in which they involve you, and by the cold reception your pretended discoveries shall meet with, when communicated.
Essays and treatises on several subjects‎ - Página 285 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EHQRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285, David Hume - Printed for A. Millar; and A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, at Edinburgh, 1758 - 539 páginas

Natureza , Ciência

“A razão é, e só pode ser, escrava das paixões; só pode pretender ao papel de as servir e obedecer a elas.”

David Hume
Paixão

“A avareza, o estímulo da indústria.”

David Hume

“Se tomamos um livro sobre a doutrina divina, ou sobre metafísica, perguntemos: ele contém algum raciocínio abstrato sobre quantidade ou números? Não. Contém algum raciocínio experimental sobre fatos e existência? Não. Atira-o, então, ao fogo, pois tudo o que ele contém não passa de sofisma e ilusão.”

David Hume

If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance ; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number ? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence ? No. Commit it then to the flames ; for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 2‎ - Página 167 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=dDU1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

De idade

“Não há método de raciocínio mais comum, e ainda assim mais condenável, do que, em disputas filosóficas, tentar a refutação de qualquer hipótese apelando ao perigo de suas consequências para a religião e a moralidade. Quando uma opinião leva a absurdos, é certamente falsa, mas não é certo que uma opinião é falsa porque sua consequência é perigosa.”

David Hume

There is no method of reasoning more common, and yet none more blameable, than, in philosophical disputes, to endeavour the refutation of any hypothesis, by a pretence of its dangerous consequences to religion and morality. When any opinion leads to absurdities, it is certainly false; but it is not certain that an opinion is false, because it is of dangerous consequence.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Sec. VIII, par. 75 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding#PART_II._4

De religião

David Hume: Frases em inglês

“If reason (I mean abstract reason, derived from inquiries a priori) be not alike mute with regard to all questions concerning cause and effect, this sentence at least it will venture to pronounce, That a mental world, or universe of ideas, requires a cause as much, as does a material world, or universe of objects; and, if similar in its arrangement, must require a similar cause. For what is there in this subject, which should occasion a different conclusion or inference? In an abstract view, they are entirely alike; and no difficulty attends the one supposition, which is not common to both of them.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Philo to Cleanthes, Part IV
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“Morals excite passions, and produce or prevent actions. Reason of itself is utterly impotent in this particular. The rules of morality, therefore, are not conclusions of our reason.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 1
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 3: Of morals

“Next to the ridicule of denying an evident truth, is that of taking much pains to defend it; and no truth appears to me more evident, than that beasts are endow'd with thought and reason as well as men. The arguments are in this case so obvious, that they never escape the most stupid and ignorant.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 16
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“Now as we call every thing [custom], which proceeds from a past repetition, without any new reasoning or conclusion, we may establish it as a certain truth, that all the belief, which follows upon any present impression, is deriv'd solely from that origin.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 8
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“This avidity alone, of acquiring goods and possessions for ourselves and our nearest friends, is insatiable, perpetual, universal, and directly destructive of society.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 2, Section 2
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 3: Of morals

“Necessity may be defined in two ways, conformably to the two definitions of cause, of which it makes an essential part. It consists either in the constant conjunction of like objects, or in the inference of the understating from one object to another.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

§ 8.27
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“From the comparison of theism and idolatry, we may form some other observations, which will also confirm the vulgar observation that the corruption of the best things gives rise to the worst.”

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David Hume The Natural History of Religion

Part X - With regard to courage or abasement
The Natural History of Religion (1757)

“The admirers and followers of the Alcoran insist on the excellent moral precepts interspersed through that wild and absurd performance. But it is to be supposed, that the Arabic words, which correspond to the English, equity, justice, temperance, meekness, charity were such as, from the constant use of that tongue, must always be taken in a good sense; and it would have argued the greatest ignorance, not of morals, but of language, to have mentioned them with any epithets, besides those of applause and approbation. But would we know, whether the pretended prophet had really attained a just sentiment of morals? Let us attend to his narration; and we shall soon find, that he bestows praise on such instances of treachery, inhumanity, cruelty, revenge, bigotry, as are utterly incompatible with civilized society. No steady rule of right seems there to be attended to; and every action is blamed or praised, so far only as it is beneficial or hurtful to the true believers.”

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David Hume livro Of the Standard of Taste

David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste, 1760
Variante: The admirers and followers of the Alcoran insist on the excellent moral precepts interspersed through that wild and absurd performance. But it is to be supposed, that the Arabic words, which correspond to the English, equity, justice, temperance, meekness, charity were such as, from the constant use of that tongue, must always be taken in a good sense; and it would have argued the greatest ignorance, not of morals, but of language, to have mentioned them with any epithets, besides those of applause and approbation. But would we know, whether the pretended prophet had really attained a just sentiment of morals? Let us attend to his narration; and we shall soon find, that he bestows praise on such instances of treachery, inhumanity, cruelty, revenge, bigotry, as are utterly incompatible with civilized society. No steady rule of right seems there to be attended to; and every action is blamed or praised, so far only as it is beneficial or hurtful to the true believers.

“No government, at that time, appeared in the world, nor is perhaps to be found in the records of any history, which subsisted without the mixture of some arbitrary authority, committed to some magistrate; and it might reasonably, beforehand, appear doubtful, whether human society could ever arrive at that state of perfection, as to support itself with no other control, than the general and rigid maxims of law and equity. But the parliament justly thought, that the King was too eminent a magistrate to be trusted with discretionary power, which he might so easily turn to the destruction of liberty. And in the event it has been found, that, though some inconveniencies arise from the maxim of adhering strictly to law, yet the advantages so much overbalance them, as should render the English forever grateful to the memory of their ancestors, who, after repeated contests, at last established that noble principle.”

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David Hume The History of England

Volume V, Chapter LIV (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1983), pp. 329-30; referring to the abolition of the Star Chamber
The History of England (1754-62)

“A propensity to hope and joy is real riches: One to fear and sorrow, real poverty.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 18: The Sceptic
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“Methinks I am like a man, who having struck on many shoals, and having narrowly escap'd shipwreck in passing a small frith, has yet the temerity to put out to sea in the same leaky weather-beaten vessel, and even carries his ambition so far as to think of compassing the globe under these disadvantageous circumstances.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 4, Section 7
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“In vain, therefore, should we pretend to determine any single event, or infer any cause or effect, without the assistance of observation and experience.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

§ 4.11
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“As every enquiry, which regards religion, is of the utmost importance, there are two questions in particular, which challenge our attention, to wit, that concerning its foundation in reason, and that concerning its origin in human nature. Happily, the first question, which is the most important, admits of the most obvious, at least, the clearest, solution. The whole frame of nature bespeaks an intelligent author; and no rational enquirer can, after serious reflection, suspend his belief a moment with regard to the primary principles of genuine Theism and Religion. But the other question, concerning the origin of religion in human nature, is exposed to some more difficulty. The belief of invisible, intelligent power has been very generally diffused over the human race, in all places and in all ages; but it has neither perhaps been so universal as to admit of no exception, nor has it been, in any degree, uniform in the ideas, which it has suggested. Some nations have been discovered, who entertained no sentiments of Religion, if travellers and historians may be credited; and no two nations, and scarce any two men, have ever agreed precisely in the same sentiments.”

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David Hume The Natural History of Religion

Introduction
The Natural History of Religion (1757)

“It is natural for us to seek a Standard of Taste; a rule, by which the various sentiments of men may be reconciled; at least, a decision, afforded, confirming one sentiment, and condemning another.”

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David Hume livro Four Dissertations

Four Dissertations (1757)

“Nature may certainly produce whatever can arise from habit: Nay, habit is nothing but one of the principles of nature, and derives all its force from that origin.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 16
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“In a word, CLEANTHES, a man who follows your hypothesis is able perhaps to assert, or conjecture, that the universe, sometime, arose from something like design: but beyond that position he cannot ascertain one single circumstance; and is left afterwards to fix every point of his theology by the utmost license of fancy and hypothesis. This world, for aught he knows, is very faulty and imperfect, compared to a superior standard; and was only the first rude essay of some infant deity, who afterwards abandoned it, ashamed of his lame performance: it is the work only of some dependent, inferior deity; and is the object of derision to his superiors: it is the production of old age and dotage in some superannuated deity; and ever since his death, has run on at adventures, from the first impulse and active force which it received from him. You justly give signs of horror, DEMEA, at these strange suppositions; but these, and a thousand more of the same kind, are CLEANTHES’s suppositions, not mine. From the moment the attributes of the Deity are supposed finite, all these have place. And I cannot, for my part, think that so wild and unsettled a system of theology is, in any respect, preferable to none at all.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Philo to Demea, Part V
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“Look round the world: contemplate the whole and every part of it: You will find it to be nothing but one great machine, subdivided into an infinite number of lesser machines, which again admit of subdivisions, to a degree beyond what human senses and faculties can trace and explain. All these various machines, and even their most minute parts, are adjusted to each other with an accuracy, which ravishes into admiration all men, who have ever contemplated them. The curious adapting of means to ends, throughout all nature, resembles exactly, though it much exceeds, the productions of human contrivance; of human design, thought, wisdom, and intelligence.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Philo to Cleanthes, Part II
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“The sentiments of men often differ with regard to beauty and deformity of all kinds, even while their general discourse is the same … In all matters of opinion and science, the case is opposite: The difference among men is there oftener found to lie in generals than in particulars; and to be less in reality than in appearance.”

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David Hume livro Four Dissertations

Four Dissertations (1757)

“There is an inconvenience which attends all abstruse reasoning. That it may silence, without convincing an antagonist, and requires the same intense study to make us sensible of its force, that was at first requisite for its invention. When we leave our closet, and engage in the common affairs of life, its conclusions seem to vanish, like the phantoms of the night on the appearance of the morning; and 'tis difficult for us to retain even that conviction, which we had attain'd with difficulty.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 1
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 3: Of morals

“Were a stranger to drop on a sudden into this world, I would show him, as a specimen of its ills, a hospital full of diseases, a prison crowded with malefactors and debtors, a field of battle strewed with carcasses, a fleet foundering in the ocean, a nation languishing under tyranny, famine, or pestilence. To turn the gay side of life to him, and give him a notion of its pleasures; whither should I conduct him? to a ball, to an opera, to court? He might justly think, that I was only showing him a diversity of distress and sorrow.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Demea to Philo, Part X
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“[…] men are not astonish'd at the operations of their own reason, at the same time, that they admire the instinct of animals, and find a difficulty in explaining it, merely because it cannot be reduc'd to the very same principles. […] reason is nothing but a wonderful and unintelligible instinct in our souls[. ]”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 16
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“The conclusion [of the essay 'Of the Protestant Succession'] shows me a Whig, but a very sceptical one.”

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David Hume

Letter to Henry Home (9 February 1848), quoted in J. Y. T. Greig, The Letters of David Hume: Volume I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), p. 111

“I cannot forbear adding to these reasonings an observation, which may, perhaps, be found of some importance. In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have always remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprized to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence. For as this ought, or ought not, expresses some new relation or affirmation, it is necessary that it should be observed and explained; and at the same time that a reason should be given, for what seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it. But as authors do not commonly use this precaution, I shall presume to recommend it to the readers; and am persuaded, that this small attention would subvert all the vulgar systems of morality, and let us see, that the distinction of vice and virtue is not founded merely on the relations of objects, nor is perceived by reason.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 1
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 3: Of morals

“The role of reason is not to make us wise but to reveal our ignorance”

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David Hume

Commonly attributed to Hume, but without any apparent basis.
Misattributed

“Hypothetical liberty is allowed to everyone who is not a prisoner and in chains”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

§ 8.23
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“Tis from the resemblance of the external actions of animals to those we ourselves perform, that we judge their internal likewise to resemble ours; and the same principle of reasoning, carry'd one step farther, will make us conclude that since our internal actions resemble each other, the causes, from which they are deriv'd, must also be resembling.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 16
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“His character does not appear more extraordinary and unusual by the mixture of so much absurdity with so much penetration, than by his tempering such violent ambition, and such enraged fanaticism with so much regard to justice and humanity.”

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David Hume The History of England

Volume III, Chapter LXI; referring to Oliver Cromwell
The History of England (1754-62)

“No quality of human nature is more remarkable, both in itself and in its consequences, than that propensity we have to sympathize with others, and to receive by communication their inclinations and sentiments, however different from, or even contrary to our own. This is not only conspicuous in children, who implicitly embrace every opinion propos’d to them; but also in men of the greatest judgment and understanding, who find it very difficult to follow their own reason or inclination, in opposition to that of their friends and daily companions. To this principle we ought to ascribe the great uniformity we may observe in the humours and turn of thinking of those of the same nation; and ’tis much more probable, that this resemblance arises from sympathy, than from any influence of the soil and climate, which, tho’ they continue invariably the same, are not able to preserve the character of a nation the same for a century together. A good-natur’d man finds himself in an instant of the same humour with his company; and even the proudest and most surly take a tincture from their countrymen and acquaintance. A chearful countenance infuses a sensible complacency and serenity into my mind; as an angry or sorrowful one throws a sudden dump upon me. Hatred, resentment, esteem, love, courage, mirth and melancholy; all these passions I feel more from communication than from my own natural temper and disposition. So remarkable a phaenomenon merits our attention, and must be trac’d up to its first principles.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 11
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 2: Of the passions

“Character is the result of a system of stereotyped principles.”

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David Hume

Hume never used the word "stereotype" (the term was not invented until 1798).
Misattributed

“At present they [philosophers] seem to be in a very lamentable condition, and such as the poets have given us but a faint notion of in their descriptions of the punishment of Sisyphus and Tantalus. For what can be imagin'd more tormenting, than to seek with eagerness, what for ever flies us; and seek for it in a place, where 'tis impossible it can ever exist?”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 4, Section 3
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

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