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David Hume foi um filósofo, historiador e ensaísta britânico nascido na Escócia que se tornou célebre por seu empirismo radical e seu ceticismo filosófico. Ao lado de John Locke e George Berkeley, David Hume compõe a famosa tríade do empirismo britânico, sendo considerado um dos mais importantes pensadores do chamado iluminismo escocês e da própria filosofia ocidental.David Hume opôs-se particularmente a Descartes e às filosofias que consideravam o espírito humano desde um ponto de vista teológico-metafísico. Assim David Hume abriu caminho à aplicação do método experimental aos fenômenos mentais. Sua importância no desenvolvimento do pensamento contemporâneo é considerável. Teve profunda influência sobre Kant, sobre a filosofia analítica do início do século XX e sobre a fenomenologia.

O estudo da sua obra tem oscilado entre aqueles que colocam ênfase no lado cepticista e aqueles que enfatizam o lado naturalista . Por muito tempo apenas se destacou em seu pensamento o ceticismo destrutivo. Somente no fim do século XX os comentadores se empenharam em mostrar o caráter positivo e construtivo do seu projeto filosófico.David Hume foi um leitor voraz. Entre suas fontes, incluem-se tanto a Filosofia antiga como o pensamento científico de sua época, ilustrado pela física e pela filosofia empirista.

Fortemente influenciado por Locke e Berkeley mas também por vários filósofos franceses, como Pierre Bayle e Nicolas Malebranche, e diversas figuras dos círculos intelectuais ingleses, como Samuel Clarke, Francis Hutcheson e Joseph Butler , é entretanto a Newton que Hume deve seu método de análise, conforme assinalado no subtítulo do Tratado da Natureza Humana – Uma Tentativa de Introduzir o Método Experimental de Raciocínio nos Assuntos Morais.

Seguindo atentamente os acontecimentos nas colônias americanas, tomou partido pela independência americana. Em 1775, disse a Benjamin Franklin: "sou americano em meus princípios". Wikipedia  

✵ 26. Abril 1711 – 25. Agosto 1776
David Hume photo
David Hume: 162   citações 52   Curtidas

David Hume Frases famosas

“Em nossos raciocínios a respeito dos fatos, existem todos os graus imagináveis de certeza. Um homem sábio, portanto, ajusta sua crença à evidência.”

David Hume

O Livro da Filosofia, pg. 150 - Editora Globo"

“A beleza não é uma qualidade inerente às coisas. Ela existe apenas na mente de quem as contempla.”

David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Beauty is no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 1‎ - Página 225 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QV4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA225, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825
Variante: A beleza das coisas existe no espírito de quem as contempla.

“A razão dos cépticos e a razão dos dogmáticos são de um mesmo género, apesar da contrariedade das suas operações e das suas tendências.”

David Hume

Citações de homens de David Hume

“O coração do homem existe para reconciliar as contradições.”

David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

the heart of man is made to reconcile contradictions
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 1‎ - Página 64 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=QV4VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

“Seja um filósofo, mas, no meio de toda sua filosofia, não deixe de ser um homem.”

David Hume

Be a philosopher ; but, amidst all your philosophy, be still a man.
Essays and treatises on several subjects‎ - Página 285 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EHQRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285, David Hume - Printed for A. Millar; and A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, at Edinburgh, 1758 - 539 páginas

“Nenhuma verdade me parece mais evidente que os animais serem dotados de pensamento e razão tal como os homens. Os argumentos neste caso são tão óbvios, que nunca escapam aos mais estúpidos e ignorantes.”

David Hume

Next to the ridicule of denying an evident truth, is that of taking much pins to defend it; and no truth appears to me more evident, than the beasts are endow'd with thought and reason, as well as men. The arguments are in this case so obvious, that they never escape the most stupid and ignorant.
A treatise of human nature: reprinted from the original ed. in 3 v‎ - Página 176, David Hume - Clarendon Press, 1949 - 709 páginas

Frases sobre idéias e pensamentos de David Hume

“Todas as nossas ideias ou percepções mais fracas são imitações de nossas mais vivas impressões ou percepções.”

David Hume

“A verdade é de dois géneros: consiste ou na descoberta das relações das ideias consideradas como tal, ou na conformidade das nossas ideias dos objectos com a sua existência real.”

David Hume

David Hume frases e citações

“O hábito é o grande guia da vida humana.”

David Hume

Custom, then, is the great guide of human life
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 2‎ - Página 44 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=dDU1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

De vida

“A natureza, por uma necessidade absoluta e incontrolável determinou-nos para julgar, assim como para respirar e sentir”

David Hume

O Livro da Filosofia, pg. 152 - Editora Globo"

De idade , Natureza

“Se nos cai nas mãos um volume, por exemplo, de teologia ou de metafísica escolástica, perguntamo-nos: Contém alguma argumentação abstracta sobre a quantidade ou os números? Náo. Contém alguma argumentação experimental sobre questões de facto e existência? Não. Então, que seja jogado ao fogo, pois contém apenas sofismas e ilusões.”

David Hume
Questão , Mães

“Mas faça com que sua ciência seja humana de tal modo que possa ter uma relação direta com a ação e a sociedade. Eu(natureza) proibo o pensamento abstruso e as pesquisas profundas; irei puni-los severamente pela melancolia que eles introduzem, pela incerteza sem fim que o envolvem e pela fria recepção que seus falsos descobrimentos encontrarão quando comunicados.”

David Hume

Indulge your passion for science, says she, but let your science be human, and such as may have a direct reference to action and society. Abstruse thought and profound researches I prohibit, and will severely punish, by the pensive melancholy which they introduce, by the endless uncertainty in which they involve you, and by the cold reception your pretended discoveries shall meet with, when communicated.
Essays and treatises on several subjects‎ - Página 285 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=EHQRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA285, David Hume - Printed for A. Millar; and A. Kincaid and A. Donaldson, at Edinburgh, 1758 - 539 páginas

Natureza , Ciência

“A razão é, e só pode ser, escrava das paixões; só pode pretender ao papel de as servir e obedecer a elas.”

David Hume
Paixão

“A avareza, o estímulo da indústria.”

David Hume

“Se tomamos um livro sobre a doutrina divina, ou sobre metafísica, perguntemos: ele contém algum raciocínio abstrato sobre quantidade ou números? Não. Contém algum raciocínio experimental sobre fatos e existência? Não. Atira-o, então, ao fogo, pois tudo o que ele contém não passa de sofisma e ilusão.”

David Hume

If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance ; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number ? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence ? No. Commit it then to the flames ; for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion
Essays and treatises on several subjects, Volume 2‎ - Página 167 http://books.google.com.br/books?id=dDU1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167, David Hume - Printed for Bell and Bradfute, 1825

De idade

“Não há método de raciocínio mais comum, e ainda assim mais condenável, do que, em disputas filosóficas, tentar a refutação de qualquer hipótese apelando ao perigo de suas consequências para a religião e a moralidade. Quando uma opinião leva a absurdos, é certamente falsa, mas não é certo que uma opinião é falsa porque sua consequência é perigosa.”

David Hume

There is no method of reasoning more common, and yet none more blameable, than, in philosophical disputes, to endeavour the refutation of any hypothesis, by a pretence of its dangerous consequences to religion and morality. When any opinion leads to absurdities, it is certainly false; but it is not certain that an opinion is false, because it is of dangerous consequence.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Sec. VIII, par. 75 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding#PART_II._4

De religião

David Hume: Frases em inglês

“The most perfect philosophy of the natural kind only staves off our ignorance a little longer: as perhaps the most perfect philosophy of the moral or metaphysical kind serves only to discover larger portions of it. Thus the observation of human blindness and weakness is the result of all philosophy, and meets us at every turn, in spite of our endeavours to elude or avoid it.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Section 4 : Sceptical Doubts Concerning The Operations of The Understanding
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“But though all the general rules of art are founded only on experience and on the observation of the common sentiments of human nature, we must not imagine, that, on every occasion, the feelings of men will be conformable to these rules.”

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David Hume livro Four Dissertations

Four Dissertations (1757)

“The sense of justice and injustice is not deriv'd from nature, but arises artificially… from education, and human conventions.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 2, 1.17
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 3: Of morals

“Here am I who have written on all sorts of subjects calculated to excite hostility, moral, political, and religious, and yet I have no enemies — except, indeed, all the Whigs, all the Tories, and all the Christians.”

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David Hume

Statement to a friend shortly before his death, as recounted in Men of Letters by Lord Henry Brougham

“The heroes in paganism correspond exactly to the saints in popery, and holy dervises in MAHOMETANISM. The place of, HERCULES, THESEUS, HECTOR, ROMULUS, is now supplied by DOMINIC, FRANCIS, ANTHONY, and BENEDICT. Instead of the destruction of monsters, the subduing of tyrants, the defence of our native country; whippings and fastings, cowardice and humility, abject submission and slavish obedience, are become the means of obtaining celestial honours among mankind.”

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David Hume The Natural History of Religion

Part X - With regard to courage or abasement
The Natural History of Religion (1757)

“All sentiment is right; because sentiment has a reference to nothing beyond itself, and is always real, wherever a man is conscious of it. But all determinations of the understanding are not right; because they have a reference to something beyond themselves, to wit, real matter of fact; and are not always conformable to that standard.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 23: Of The Standard of Taste
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“For do our Theologians pretend to make a monopoly of the word, action, and may not the atheists likewise take possession of it, and affirm that plants, animals, men, &c. are nothing but particular actions of one simple universal substance, which exerts itself from a blind and absolute necessity?”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 4, Section 5
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“THERE is no method of reasoning more common, and yet none more blameable, than, in philosophical disputes, to endeavour the refutation of any hypothesis, by a pretence of its dangerous consequences to religion and morality.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Of Liberty and Necessity, Part II (http://www.bartleby.com/37/3/12.html)
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
Contexto: THERE is no method of reasoning more common, and yet none more blameable, than, in philosophical disputes, to endeavour the refutation of any hypothesis, by a pretence of its dangerous consequences to religion and morality. When any opinion leads to absurdities, it is certainly false; but it is not certain that an opinion is false, because it is of dangerous consequence. Such topics, therefore, ought entirely to be forborne; as serving nothing to the discovery of truth, but only to make the person of an antagonist odious.

“The heights of popularity and patriotism are still the beaten road to power and tyranny; flattery to treachery; standing armies to arbitrary government; and the glory of God to the temporal interest of the clergy.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 8: Of Public Credit (This appears as a footnote in editions H to P. Other editions include it in the body of the text, and some number it Essay 9.)
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“When we run over libraries, persuaded of these principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames: For it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Section 12 : Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy Pt. 3
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“The very port and gait of a swan, or turkey, or peacock show the high idea he has entertain'd of himself; and his contempt of all others. This is the more remarkable, that in the two last species of animals, the pride always attends the beauty, and is discover'd in the male only. The vanity and emulation of nightingales in singing have been commonly remark'd […] All these are evident proofs, that pride and humility are not merely human passions, but extend themselves over the whole animal creation.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 12
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 2: Of the passions

“Ignorance is the mother of Devotion: A maxim that is proverbial, and confirmed by general experience. Look out for a people, entirely destitute of religion: If you find them at all, be assured, that they are but few degrees removed from brutes. What so pure as some of the morals, included in some theological system? What so corrupt as some of the practices, to which these systems give rise?”

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David Hume The Natural History of Religion

Part XV - General corollary
The Natural History of Religion (1757)

“Art may make a suit of clothes; but nature must produce a man.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 15: The Epicurean
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“With regard to politics and the character of princes and great men, I think I am very moderate. My views of things are more conformable to Whig principles; my representation of persons to Tory prejudices. Nothing can so much prove that men commonly regard more persons than things, as to find that I am commonly numbered among the Tories.”

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David Hume

E. C. Mossner, Life of David Hume (Clarendon Press, 2001), p. 311.

“The Christian Religion not only was at first attended with miracles, but even at this day cannot be believed by any reasonable person without one. Mere reason is insufficient to convince us of its veracity: and whoever is moved by Faith to assent to it, is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person, which subverts all the principles of his understanding, and gives him a determination to believe what is most contrary to custom and experience.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

Section 10 : Of Miracles Pt. 2
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“An evil may be real, tho' its cause has no relation to us: It may be real, without being peculiar: It may be real, without shewing itself to others: It may be real, without being constant: And it may be real, without falling under the general rules. Such evils as these will not fail to render us miserable, tho' they have little tendency to diminish pride: And perhaps the most real and the most solid evils of life will be found of this nature.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 6
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 2: Of the passions

“As to the Approbation or Esteem of those Blockheads who call themselves the Public, & whom a Bookseller, a Lord, a Priest, or a Party can guide, I do most heartily despise it.”

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David Hume

Letter 138, To Gilbert Elliot of Minto; August 9, 1757

“There is nothing in any object, consider'd in itself, which can afford us a reason for drawing a conclusion beyond it; […] even after the observation of the frequent or constant conjunction of objects, we have no reason to draw any inference concerning any object beyond those of which we have had experience.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 3, Section 12
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“The slaving Poor are incapable of any Principles: Gentlemen may be converted to true Principles, by Time and Experience. The middling Rank of Men have Curiosity and Knowledge enough to form Principles, but not enough to form true ones, or correct any Prejudices that they may have imbib’d: And ’tis among the middling Rank, that Tory Principles do at present prevail most in England.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 9: Of The Parties of Great Britain; final lines of this essay in the 1741 and 1742 editions of Essays, Moral and Political, they were not included in later editions.
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“If the material world rests upon a similar ideal world, this ideal world must rest upon some other; and so on, without end. It were better, therefore, never to look beyond the present material world. By supposing it to contain the principle of its order within itself, we really assert it to be God; and the sooner we arrive at that Divine Being, so much the better. When you go one step beyond the mundane system, you only excite an inquisitive humour which it is impossible ever to satisfy.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Philo to Cleanthes, Part IV
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception. When my perceptions are remov’d for any time, as by sound sleep; so long am I insensible of myself, and may truly be said not to exist. And were all my perceptions remov’d by death, and cou’d I neither think, nor feel, nor see, nor love, nor hate after the dissolution of my body, I shou’d be entirely annihilated, nor do I conceive what is farther requisite to make me a perfect non-entity. If any one upon serious and unprejudic’d reflexion, thinks he has a different notion of himself, I must confess I can reason no longer with him. All I can allow him is, that he may be in the right as well as I, and that we are essentially different in this particular. He may, perhaps, perceive something simple and continu’d, which he calls himself; tho’ I am certain there is no such principle in me… But setting aside some metaphysicians of this kind, I may venture to affirm of the rest of mankind, that they are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 4, Section 6
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 1: Of the understanding

“The great end of all human industry, is the attainment of happiness. For this were arts invented, sciences cultivated, laws ordained, and societies modelled, by the most profound wisdom of patriots and legislators.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 16: The Stoic
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“By liberty, then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

§ 8.23
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“And any practice, recommended to him, which either serves to no purpose in life, or offers the strongest violence to his natural inclinations; that practice he will the more readily embrace, on account of those very circumstances, which should make him absolutely reject it. It seems the more purely religious, because it proceeds from no mixture of any other motive or consideration. And if, for its sake, he sacrifices much of his ease and quiet, his claim of merit appears still to rise upon him, in proportion to the zeal and devotion which he discovers. In restoring a loan, or paying a debt, his divinity is nowise beholden to him; because these acts of justice are what he was bound to perform, and what many would have performed, were there no god in the universe. But if he fast a day, or give himself a sound whipping; this has a direct reference, in his opinion, to the service of God. No other motive could engage him to such austerities. By these distinguished marks of devotion, he has now acquired the divine favour; and may expect, in recompence, protection and safety in this world, and eternal happiness in the next.”

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David Hume The Natural History of Religion

Part XIV - Bad influence of popular religions on morality
The Natural History of Religion (1757)

“Love in animals, has not for its only object animals of the same species, but extends itself farther, and comprehends almost every sensible and thinking being. A dog naturally loves a man above his own species, and very commonly meets with a return of affection.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 2, Section 12
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 2: Of the passions

“Grief and disappointment give rise to anger, anger to envy, envy to malice, and malice to grief again, till the whole circle be completed.”

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David Hume livro A Treatise of Human Nature

Part 1, Section 4
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40), Book 2: Of the passions

“Any question of philosophy … which is so obscure and uncertain, that human reason can reach no fixed determination with regard to it; if it should be treated at all; seems to lead us naturally into the style of dialogue and conversation.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Pamphilus to Hermippus, Prologue
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

“That the sun will not rise to-morrow is no less intelligible a proposition, and implies no contradiction, than the affirmation, that it will rise.”

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David Hume livro An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

§ 4.8
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)

“People who invented the word charity, and used it in a good sense, inculcated more clearly, and much more efficaciously, the precept, Be charitable, than any pretended legislator or prophet, who should insert such a maxim in his writings.”

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David Hume livro Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Part I, Essay 22: Of the Standard of Taste
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1741-2; 1748)

“And why should man, added he, pretend to an exemption from the lot of all other animals? The whole earth, believe me, PHILO, is cursed and polluted. A perpetual war is kindled amongst all living creatures. Necessity, hunger, want, stimulate the strong and courageous: Fear, anxiety, terror, agitate the weak and infirm. The first entrance into life gives anguish to the new-born infant and to its wretched parent: Weakness, impotence, distress, attend each stage of that life: and it is at last finished in agony and horror.”

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David Hume livro Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Demea to Philo, Part X
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (1779)

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