Frases de Frederick Douglas (287 citações, página 7)

Frederick Douglas: 287 citações 35 Curtidas

Frederick Douglas Frases famosas

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“Prefiro ser verdadeiramente fiel a mim mesmo, mesmo correndo o risco de incorrer no ridículo dos outros, a ser falso e incorrer em minha própria aversão.”

Frederick Douglas

“O correto não tem sexo - a verdade não tem cor.”

Frederick Douglas Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

Parte do lema de seu jornal, The North Star
Original: Right is of no sex — Truth is of no color
Fonte: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave: An American Slave - Página xxv, de Frederick Douglass, Deborah E. McDowell - Publicado por Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0192832506, 9780192832504 - 129 páginas

“Os homens não amam aqueles que os fazem lembrar de seus pecados.”

Frederick Douglas

Explicando porque os pais de filhos com escravas não lhes tinham o amor devido.
Original: Men do not love those who remind them of their sins.
Fonte: Quote of the day: Frederick Douglass on Biracial Children, Frederick Douglass, 31 de dezembro de 2013, The Root, 15/1/2017 http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2013/12/best_black_history_quotes_frederick_douglass_on_biracial_children/,

“Se não existe esforço, não existe progresso.”

Frederick Douglas

“Eu não tenho nenhuma pretensão de fazer patriotismo. Enquanto a minha voz puder ser ouvida neste ou no outro lado do Atlântico, eu irei espalhar pela América o relâmpago de desprezo da indignação moral. Ao fazer isso, sentir-me-ei desempenhando o dever de um verdadeiro patriota; pois ele é um amante de seu país que repreende e não desculpa seus pecados. É a prática da justiça que exalta as nações, enquanto o pecado é o opróbrio dos povos.”

Frederick Douglas

Ao falar sobre o seu patriotismo, e como a nação poderia exigir o patriotismo do homem negro enquanto a escravidão e o preconceito vigessem.
Trecho de discurso contra a escravidão proferido em 24 de setembro de 1847
Original: I make no pretension to patriotism. So long as my voice can be heard on this or the other side of the Atlantic, I will hold up America to the lightning scorn of moral indignation. In doing this, I shall feel myself discharging the duty of a true patriot; for he is a lover of his country who rebukes and does not excuse its sins. It is righteousness that exalteth a nation while sin is a reproach to any people.
Fonte: Discurso " Love of God, Love of Man, Love of Country http://archive.is/kJ4Bl", Syracuse, Nova Iorque (24 de setembro de 1847).

“É mais fácil construir crianças fortes do que reparar homens quebrados.”

Frederick Douglas

citado por seu descendente, Ken Morris
Original: It's easier to build strong children than repair broken men.
Fonte: Family of abolitionist Frederick Douglass continues his legacy, Jim Axelrod, CBS News, 19 de junho de 2013 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/family-of-abolitionist-frederick-douglass-continues-his-legacy/,

Frederick Douglas frases e citações

“Eu me uniria com qualquer um para fazer o certo e com ninguém para fazer o mal.”

Frederick Douglas

Trecho de uma palestra de 1855.
Original: I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong.
Fonte: Palestra: The Anti-Slavery Movement http://books.google.pt/books?id=wN9Dj-_wM0IC&pg=PA33&dq=%22I+would+unite+with+anybody+to+do+right+and+with+nobody+to+do+wrong.%22&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22I%20would%20unite%20with%20anybody%20to%20do%20right%20and%20with%20nobody%20to%20do%20wrong.%22&f=false (1855).
Fonte: [20/12/2016, http://archive.is/iRu0T, http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2014/09/frederick_douglass_portrait_unveiled_as_1st_of_an_african_american_to_grace/, Historic Unveiling of Frederick Douglass Portrait at Governor’s Mansion in Md., Breanna Edwards, 16 de setembro de 2014, The Root, 20/12/2016]

Mal

“A vida da nação é segura somente enquanto a nação é honesta, verdadeira e virtuosa.”

Frederick Douglas

Falando sobre como um país pode vir a se tornar seguro.
Original: The life of the nation is secure only while the nation is honest, truthful and virtuous.

De vida

“Se não houver nenhuma luta, não há nenhum progresso.”

Frederick Douglas

Luta

“Ninguém pode colocar uma corrente sobre o tornozelo de seus semelhantes sem finalmente encontrar a outra extremidade presa em seu próprio pescoço.”

Frederick Douglas

Falando sobre o relacionamento entre opressores e oprimidos.
Original: No man can put a chain about the ankle of his fellow man without at last finding the other end fastened about his own neck.
Fonte: 10 Frederick Douglass Quotes Still Incredibly Relevant Today, Nick Chiles, 18/2/2015, Atlanta Black Star, 16/9/2017 http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/02/18/10-frederick-douglass-quotes-still-incredibly-relevant-today/4/,

“Você viram como um homem foi feito escravo; vocês verão como um escravo se fez um homem.”

Frederick Douglas

Idem. Narrativa de como saiu da escravidão para se tornar homem livre.
Original: You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man.

De homens , verão

“Eu estava quebrado em corpo, alma e espírito. Minha elasticidade natural foi esmagada, meu intelecto languidesceu, a disposição de ler se foi, a faísca alegre que brilhava em meu olho morreu; a noite escura da escravidão fechou-se sobre mim; e eis um homem transformado em um bruto!”

Frederick Douglas

Narrativa de como foi ser submetido aos rigores da servidão no campo, sob cruéis castigos do feitor
Original: I was broken in body, soul and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the disposition to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; and behold a man transformed into a brute!
Fonte: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, autobiografia, cap. 10 (1845)

De homens , Alma , Noite

“Sem luta não há progresso. Aqueles que professam em favor da liberdade, depreciam a agitação, são pessoas que querem ceifar sem arar a terra. Eles querem chuva sem trovão e raios. Eles querem o oceano sem o terrível bramido de suas muitas águas. Esta luta pode ser moral; ou pode ser física; ou pode ser ambas, moral e física; mas ela deve ser uma luta. O poder não concede nada sem demanda. Nunca concedeu e nunca concederá.”

Frederick Douglas

Trecho de uma carta de 1848 para um amigo abolicionista
Fonte: Citado em [18/12/2016, http://archive.is/bCMPT, http://www.revistas.usp.br/agraria/article/download/102/102, O movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem-Terra (MST) e a Democracia no Brasil, Miguel Carter (tradução: Imario Vieira), 2006, AGRÁRIA, São Paulo, Nº 4, pp. 124-164, 18/12/2016] (trabalho originalmente publicado pelo Centre for Brazilian Studies Working Paper CBS-60-05, University of Oxford, em maio de 2005 — pdf arquivado do cache do Google).

Luta , Liberdade , De pessoas , agua

Frederick Douglas: Frases em inglês

“Well, now the American people have returned the Republican party to power; and the question is, what will it do? … For a dozen years and more the Republican party has seemed in a measure paralyzed in the presence of high-handed fraud and brutal violence toward its newly-made citizens. The question now is, will it regain its former health, activity, and power? Will it be as true to its friends in the South as the Democratic party has been to its friends in that section, or will it sacrifice its friends to conciliate its enemies? … Not only the negro but all honest men, north and south, must hold the Republican party in contempt, if it fails to do its whole duty at this point. The Republican party has made the colored man free; and the Republican party must make him secure in his freedom, or abandon its pretensions.”

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Frederick Douglass

Speech http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-nations-problem/

“You have called upon us to expose ourselves to all the subtle machinations of their malignity for all time. And now, what do you propose to do when you come to make peace? To reward your enemies, and trample in the dust your friends? Do you intend to sacrifice the very men who have come to the rescue of your banner in the South, and incurred the lasting displeasure of their masters thereby? Do you intend to sacrifice them and reward your enemies? Do you mean to give your enemies the right to vote, and take it away from your friends? Is that wise policy? Is that honorable? Could American honor withstand such a blow? I do not believe you will do it. I think you will see to it that we have the right to vote. There is something too mean in looking upon the Negro, when you are in trouble, as a citizen, and when you are free from trouble, as an alien. When this nation was in trouble, in its early struggles, it looked upon the Negro as a citizen. In 1776 he was a citizen. At the time of the formation of the Constitution the Negro had the right to vote in eleven States out of the old thirteen. In your trouble you have made us citizens. In 1812 General Jackson addressed us as citizens; 'fellow-citizens'. He wanted us to fight. We were citizens then! And now, when you come to frame a conscription bill, the Negro is a citizen again. He has been a citizen just three times in the history of this government, and it has always been in time of trouble. In time of trouble we are citizens. Shall we be citizens in war, and aliens in peace? Would that be just?”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, What the Black Man Wants (1865)

“You profess to believe "that, of one blood, God made all nations of men to dwell on the face of all the earth," and hath commanded all men, everywhere to love one another; yet you notoriously hate, (and glory in your hatred), all men whose skins are not colored like your own. You declare, before the world, and are understood by the world to declare, that you "hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; and that, among these are, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" and yet, you hold securely, in a bondage which, according to your own Thomas Jefferson, "is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose," a seventh part of the inhabitants of your country.”

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Frederick Douglass

1850s, What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? (1852)

“What have you asked the black men of the South, the black men of the whole country, to do? Why, you have asked them to incur the deadly enmity of their masters, in order to befriend you and to befriend this Government. You have asked us to call down, not only upon ourselves, but upon our children’s children, the deadly hate of the entire Southern people. You have called upon us to turn our backs upon our masters, to abandon their cause and espouse yours; to turn against the South and in favor of the North.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, What the Black Man Wants (1865)

“My strongest conviction as to the future of the negro therefore is, that he will not be expatriated nor annihilated, nor will he forever remain a separate and distinct race from the people around him, but that he will be absorbed, assimilated, and will only appear finally, as the Phoenicians now appear on the shores of the Shannon, in the features of a blended race. I cannot give at length my reasons for this conclusion, and perhaps the reader may think that the wish is father to the thought, and may in his wrath denounce my conclusion as utterly impossible. To such I would say, tarry a little, and look at the facts.”

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Frederick Douglass

1880s, The Future of the Colored Race (1886)

“[T]he Constitution of the United States knows no distinction between citizens on account of color.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, Reconstruction (1866)

“As nations are among the largest and the most complete divisions into which society is formed, the grandest aggregations of organized human power; as they raise to observation and distinction the world’s greatest men, and call into requisition the highest order of talent and ability for their guidance, preservation and success, they are ever among the most attractive, instructive and useful subjects of thought, to those just entering upon the duties and activities of life.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, Our Composite Nationality (1869)

“Self-made men are the men who, under peculiar difficulties and without the ordinary helps of favoring circumstances, have attained knowledge, usefulness, power and position and have learned from themselves the best uses to which life can be put in this world, and in the exercises of these uses to build up worthy character.”

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Frederick Douglass

1870s, Self-Made Men (1872)

“From the first I saw no chance of bettering the condition of the freedman until he should cease to be merely a freedman and should become a citizen.”

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Frederick Douglass

The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892), Part 2, Chapter 13: Vast Changes
1890s, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892)

“Laying aside all prejudice in favor of or against race, looking at the negro as politically and socially related to the American people generally, and measuring the forces arrayed against him, I do not see how he can survive and flourish in this country as a distinct and separate race, nor do I see how he can be removed from the country either by annihilation or expatriation.”

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Frederick Douglass

1880s, The Future of the Colored Race (1886)

“There was a time when even brave men might look fearfully upon the destiny of the Republic; when our country was involved in a tangled network of contradictions; when vast and irreconcilable social forces fiercely disputed for ascendency and control; when a heavy curse rested upon our very soil, defying alike the wisdom and the virtue of the people to remove it; when our professions were loudly mocked by our practice, and our name was a reproach and a byword to a mocking; when our good ship of state, freighted with the best hopes of the oppressed of all nations, was furiously hurled against the hard and flinty rocks of derision, and every cord, bolt, beam and bend in her body quivered beneath the shock, there was some apology for doubt and despair. But that day has happily passed away. The storm has been weathered, and the portents are nearly all in our favor.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, Our Composite Nationality (1869)

“Fellow citizens, there is little necessity on this occasion to speak at length and critically of this great and good man, and of his high mission in the world. That ground has been fully occupied and completely covered both here and elsewhere. The whole field of fact and fancy has been gleaned and garnered. Any man can say things that are true of Abraham Lincoln, but no man can say anything that is new of Abraham Lincoln. His personal traits and public acts are better known to the American people than are those of any other man of his age. He was a mystery to no man who saw him and heard him. Though high in position, the humblest could approach him and feel at home in his presence. Though deep, he was transparent; though strong, he was gentle; though decided and pronounced in his convictions, he was tolerant towards those who differed from him, and patient under reproaches. Even those who only knew him through his public utterance obtained a tolerably clear idea of his character and personality. The image of the man went out with his words, and those who read them knew him.”

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Frederick Douglass

1870s, Oratory in Memory of Abraham Lincoln (1876)

“Europe and Africa are already here, and the Indian was here before either. He stands today between the two extremes of black and white, too proud to claim fraternity with either, and yet too weak to withstand the power of either. Heretofore, the policy of our government has been governed by race pride, rather than by wisdom. Until recently, neither the Indian nor the negro has been treated as a part of the body politic. No attempt has been made to inspire either with a sentiment of patriotism, but the hearts of both races have been diligently sown with the dangerous seeds of discontent and hatred.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, Our Composite Nationality (1869)

“Gentleman, I am a republican, a radical republican, a Black republican, a republican dyed in the wool, and for one I want the republican party to live as long as I do… It is the party of law and order, of liberty and progress, of honor and honesty, as against disloyalty, moral stagnation, dishonest voting, and repudiation.”

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Frederick Douglass

Speech: “I Speak to You as an American Citizen” speech, Oct. 1, 1870, Douglas Papers, ser. I, 4:275
1870s

“I dwell mostly upon the religious aspects, because I believe it is the religious people who are to be relied upon in this Anti-Slavery movement. Do not misunderstand my railing—do not class me with those who despise religion—do not identify me with the infidel. I love the religion of Christianity—which cometh from above—which is a pure, peaceable, gentle, easy to be entreated, full of good fruits, and without hypocrisy. I love that religion which sends its votaries to bind up the wounds of those who have fallen among thieves.
By all the love I bear such a Christianity as this, I hate that of the Priest and the Levite, that with long-faced Phariseeism goes up to Jerusalem to worship and leaves the bruised and wounded to die. I despise that religion which can carry Bibles to the heathen on the other side of the globe and withhold them from the heathen on this side—which can talk about human rights yonder and traffic in human flesh here…. I love that which makes its votaries do to others as they would that others should do to them. I hope to see a revival of it—thank God it is revived. I see revivals of it in the absence of the other sort of revivals. I believe it to be confessed now, that there has not been a sensible man converted after the old sort of way, in the last five years.”

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Frederick Douglass

As quoted in The Cambridge Companion to Frederick Douglass (2009), by Maurice S. Lee, Cambridge University Press, pp. 68-69

“There is no conceivable reason why all colored people should not be treated according to the merits of each individual. It is not only the plain duty, but also the interest of us all, to have every colored man take the place for which he is best fitted by education, character, ability, manners, and culture. If others insist on keeping him in any lower and poorer place, it is not only his injury, but our universal loss. Yet which of our white congregations would take a colored pastor? How many of our New England villages would like to have colored postmasters, or doctors, or lawyers, or teachers in the public schools? A very slight difference in complexion suffices to keep a young man from getting a place as policeman, or fireman, or conductor, even on the horse cars. The trades-unions are closed against him, and so are many of our stores; while those which admit him are obliged to refuse him promotion on account of the unwillingness of white men to serve under him.”

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Frederick Douglass

Speech http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-nations-problem/

“What, then, is the Constitution? I will tell you. It is not even like the British Constitution, which is made up of enactments of Parliament, decisions of Courts, and the established usages of the Government. The American Constitution is a written instrument full and complete in itself. No Court in America, no Congress, no President, can add a single word thereto, or take a single word threreto. It is a great national enactment done by the people, and can only be altered, amended, or added to by the people. I am careful to make this statement here; in America it would not be necessary. It would not be necessary here if my assailant had shown the same desire to be set before you the simple truth, which he manifested to make out a good case for himself and friends.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery? (1860)

“Bear in mind, also, and the fact is an important one, that the framers of the Constitution sat with doors closed, and that this was done purposely, that nothing but the result of their labours should be seen, and that that result should be judged of by the people free from any of the bias shown in the debates. It should also be borne in mind, and the fact is still more important, that the debates in the convention that framed the Constitution, and by means of which a pro-slavery interpretation is now attempted to be forced upon that instrument, were not published till more than a quarter of a century after the presentation and the adoption of the Constitution.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery? (1860)

“It is thought by many, and said by some, that this republic has already seen its best days; that the historian may now write the story of its decline and fall. Two classes of men are just now especially afflicted with such forebodings. The first are those who are croakers by nature. The men who have a taste for funerals, and especially national funerals. They never see the bright side of anything, and probably never will. Like the raven in the lines of Edgar A. Poe, they have learned two words, and those are, 'never more'. They usually begin by telling us what we never shall see. Their little speeches are about as follows: You will never see such statesmen in the councils of the Nations as Clay, Calhoun and Webster. You will never see the south morally reconstructed and our once happy people again united. You will never see this Government harmonious and successful while in the hands of different races. You will never make the negro work without a master, or make him an intelligent voter, or a good and useful citizen. This last never is generally the parent of all the other little 'nevers' that follow.”

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Frederick Douglass

1860s, Our Composite Nationality (1869)

“When I was about thirteen years old, and had succeeded in learning to read, every increase of knowledge, especially anything respecting the free states, was an additional weight to the almost intolerable burden of my thought, 'I am a slave for life'. To my bondage I could see no end. It was a terrible reality, and I shall never be able to tell how sadly that thought chafed my young spirit.”

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Frederick Douglass

Fonte: 1880s, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881), pp. 102–103.

“Vainly you talk about voting it down. When you have cast your millions of ballots, you have not reached the evil. It has fastened its root deep into the heart of the nation, and nothing but God’s truth and love can cleanse the land. We must change the moral sentiment.”

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Frederick Douglass

Love of God, Love of Man, Love of Country (October 22, 1847), Delivered at Market Hall, New York City, New York.
1840s, Love of God, Love of Man, Love of Country (1847)

“Detraction paves the way for the very perfections which it doubts and denies.”

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Frederick Douglass

1870s, Self-Made Men (1872)

“While this nation is guilty of the enslavement of three millions of innocent men and women, it is as idle to think of having a sound and lasting peace, as it is to think there is no God to take cognizance of the affairs of men. There can be no peace to the wicked while slavery continues in the land. It will be condemned; and while it is condemned there will be agitation. Nature must cease to be nature; men must become monsters; humanity must be transformed; Christianity must be exterminated; all ideas of justice and the laws of eternal goodness must be utterly blotted out from the human soul—ere a system so foul and infernal can escape condemnation, or this guilty republic can have a sound, enduring peace.”

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Frederick Douglass

The Nature of Slavery. Extract from a Lecture on Slavery, at Rochester, December 1, 1850
1850s, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)

“Fellow citizens, the fourteenth day of April 1865, of which this is the eleventh anniversary, is now and will ever remain a memorable day in the annals of this republic. It was on the evening of this day, while a fierce and sanguinary rebellion was in the last stages of its desolating power; while its armies were broken and scattered before the invincible armies of Grant and Sherman; while a great nation, torn and rent by war, was already beginning to raise to the skies loud anthems of joy at the dawn of peace, it was startled, amazed, and overwhelmed by the crowning crime of slavery, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. It was a new crime, a pure act of malice. No purpose of the rebellion was to be served by it. It was the simple gratification of a hell-black spirit of revenge. But it has done good after all. It has filled the country with a deeper abhorrence of slavery and a deeper love for the great liberator.”

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Frederick Douglass

1870s, Oratory in Memory of Abraham Lincoln (1876)

“I recognize the Republican party as the sheet anchor of the colored man's political hopes and the ark of his safety.”

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Frederick Douglass

The Petersburg men had written Douglass seeking advice about supporting John M. Langston as their Republican candidate for Congress. He would be their first black representative, but earlier he had worked against the Republican party. Douglass called him a trickster and said not to support anyone "whose mad ambition would imperil the success of the Republican party."
1880s, Letter to the Men of Petersburg (1888)

“When, therefore, it shall be asked what we have to do with the memory of Abraham Lincoln, or what Abraham Lincoln had to do with us, the answer is ready, full, and complete. Though he loved Caesar less than Rome, though the Union was more to him than our freedom or our future, under his wise and beneficent rule we saw ourselves gradually lifted from the depths of slavery to the heights of liberty and manhood; under his wise and beneficent rule, and by measures approved and vigorously pressed by him, we saw that the handwriting of ages, in the form of prejudice and proscription, was rapidly fading away from the face of our whole country; under his rule, and in due time, about as soon after all as the country could tolerate the strange spectacle, we saw our brave sons and brothers laying off the rags of bondage, and being clothed all over in the blue uniforms of the soldiers of the United States; under his rule we saw two hundred thousand of our dark and dusky people responding to the call of Abraham Lincoln, and with muskets on their shoulders, and eagles on their buttons, timing their high footsteps to liberty and union under the national flag; under his rule we saw the independence of the black republic of Haiti, the special object of slave-holding aversion and horror, fully recognized, and her minister, a colored gentleman, duly received here in the city of Washington; under his rule we saw the internal slave-trade, which so long disgraced the nation, abolished, and slavery abolished in the District of Columbia; under his rule we saw for the first time the law enforced against the foreign slave trade, and the first slave-trader hanged like any other pirate or murderer.”

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Frederick Douglass

1870s, Oratory in Memory of Abraham Lincoln (1876)

“The principle must rest upon its own proper basis.”

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Frederick Douglass

1880s, Plea for Free Speech in Boston (1880)

“I assert most unhesitatingly, that the religion of the South — as I have observed it and proved it — is a mere covering for the most horrid crimes; a justifier of the most appalling barbarity; a sanctifier of the most hateful frauds; and a dark shelter, under which the darkest, foulest, grossest, and most infernal abominations fester and flourish. Were I again to be reduced to the condition of A slave, next to that calamity, I should regard the fact of being the slave of a religious slaveholder, the greatest that could befall me.”

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Frederick Douglass

Fonte: 1850s, My Bondage and My Freedom (1855), Chapter 18: New Relations and Duties.

“If I have done anything for the colored people, it is in a great measure due to my having had the good-fortune, when I escaped from slavery, to become acquainted with William Lloyd Garrison, and with Wendell Phillips, and with our friend Oliver Johnson, and with Dr. Bowditch. The home of Dr. Bowditch, I may say, gave me the first shelter I received in this city. I have often been asked where I got my education. I have answered, from the Massachusetts Abolition University, Mr. Garrison, president… I meet with colored men on all sides smoking and sometimes drinking. That is not the way to rise in the world. For my own part, I neither smoke, nor chew tobacco nor take snuff, nor drink whiskey; and I should be delighted if I could make the same statement with regard to my whole people.”

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Frederick Douglass

Speech at the Wendell Phillips Club http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-nations-problem/ (11 September 1886).
1880s

“They cannot degrade Frederick Douglass. The soul that is within me no man can degrade. I am not the one that is being degraded on account of this treatment, but those who are inflicting it upon me…”

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Frederick Douglass

Upon being forced to leave a train car due to his color, as quoted in Up from Slavery (1901), Ch. VI: "Black Race And Red Race, the penalty of telling the truth, of telling the simple truth, in answer to a series of strange questions", by Booker T. Washington