„Quando a moral se baseia na teologia, quando o direito depende da autoridade divina, as coisas mais imorais e injustas podem ser justificadas e impostas“
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Fonte: "A essência do cristianismo (1841)"
Frases de Ludwig Feuerbach
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Ludwig Feuerbach
Data de nascimento: 28. Julho 1804
Data de falecimento: 13. Setembro 1872
Outros nomes: Ludwing Feuerbach
Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach foi um filósofo alemão. Feuerbach é reconhecido pelo ateísmo humanista e pela influência que o seu pensamento exerce sobre Karl Marx.
Abandonou os estudos de Teologia para tornar-se aluno do filósofo Hegel, durante dois anos, em Berlim. Em 1828, passa a estudar ciências naturais em Erlangen e dois anos depois publica anonimamente o primeiro livro, “Pensamentos sobre Morte e Imortalidade”. Nesse trabalho, ataca a ideia da imortalidade, sustentando que, após a morte, as qualidades humanas são absorvidas pela natureza. Escreve “Abelardo e Heloísa” , “Piere Bayle” e “Sobre Filosofia e Cristianismo” . Na primeira parte desta última obra, que influencia Marx, discute a "essência verdadeira ou antropológica da religião". Na segunda parte, analisa a "essência falsa ou teológica". De acordo com esta filosofia, a religião é uma forma de alienação que projeta os conceitos do ideal humano em um ser supremo. Ao atacar religiosos ortodoxos entre 1848 e 1849, anos de turbulência política, é considerado um herói por muitos revolucionários.
O seu posicionamento filosófico é uma transição entre o Idealismo Alemão, de uma parte e, de outra, o materialismo histórico de Marx e o materialismo cientificista da segunda metade do século XIX. Este posicionamento é caracterizado pela inflexão antropológica que Feuerbach imprime a algumas categorias herdadas de Hegel. Suas principais obras são: Da razão, una, universal, infinita ; Pensamentos sobre morte e imortalidade ; Sobre a crítica da filosofia positiva ; Crítica da filosofia hegeliana ; A essência do cristianismo ; Sobre a apreciação do escrito “A essência do cristianismo” ; Princípios da filosofia do futuro ; Teses provisórias para a reforma da filosofia ; Lutero como árbitro entre Strauss e Feuerbach ; A essência da religião ; Fragmentos para a caracterização de meu Curriculum vitae ; Preleções sobre a essência da religião e Teogonia .
Para Feuerbach, a alienação religiosa segue-se dentro de uma teoria teológica buscando a razão e a essência do homem no mundo, mas o homem é essencialmente antropológico na característica humana, pois adquire sentimentos e sensibilidade. É desta forma que Feuerbach observa a alienação decorrente em cada indivíduo que busca uma relação substancial entre Homem e Deus.
O que proporcionou esse pensamento de Feuerbach foi a influência da teoria de Hegel e, mais tarde, a teoria de Marx. Posteriormente, nessas duas linhas de pensamento, uma teórica, a outra prática, Feuerbach busca a fórmula do Homem vs. Deus vs. Religião.
Portanto, intermediar essas teorias não foi fácil para Feuerbach, pois a Alemanha passava por uma forte mudança cultural; daí a forte crítica ao seu pensamento. Dentro desse contexto histórico, observa-se a teoria de Feuerbach voltada para a “teoria”, e a teoria de Marx, onde a lógica é a prática. Porém, não é a teoria que busca a essência do homem, mas é na prática que os indivíduos se relacionam, afirma Marx mais tarde, com sua crítica a Feuerbach.
Faleceu em 13 de setembro de 1872. Encontra-se sepultado em Johannisfriedhof, Nuremberga, Baviera na Alemanha. A influência de Feuerbach depois de sua morte é notória. Filósofos como Enrique Dussel, Sigmund Freud, Guy Debord, Emil Cioran e René Girard são altamente influenciados por sua filosofia ateísta. Wikipedia
Photo: August Weger, http://www.marxists.org/glossary/ / Public domain
Citações Ludwig Feuerbach
„Sempre que a moralidade baseia-se na teologia, sempre que o correto torna-se dependente da autoridade divina, as coisas mais imorais, injustas e infames podem ser justificadas e estabelecidas.“
Whenever morality is based on theology, whenever right is made dependent on divine authority, the most immoral, unjust, infamous things can be justified and established
citado em "The Development of George Eliot's Ethical and Social Theories ..." - Página 11, de Ben Euwema - 1936 - 40 páginas
Verificadas
„The first philosophers were astronomers. The heavens remind man … that he is destined not merely to act, but also to contemplate.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Introduction, Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), pp. 101-102
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„I would rather be a devil in alliance with truth, than an angel in alliance with falsehood.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Fonte: The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„The power of thought is the light of knowledge, the power of will is the energy of character, the power of heart is love. Reason, love and power of will are perfections of man.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Introduction, Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), p. 99
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„I distinguish religion from theism,“
Lecture V, R. Manheim, trans. (1967), pp. 34-35
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)
Contexto: Religion is indeed essential to or innate in man, but … this is not the religion of theology or theism, not an actual belief in God, but solely the religion that expresses nothing other than man’s feeling of finiteness and dependency on nature. … I distinguish religion from theism, the belief in a being distinct from nature and man. … Today theism, theology, the belief in God have become so identified with religion that to have no God, to theological being, is considered synonymous with having no religion. But here we deal with the original elements of religion. It is theism, theology, that has wrenched man out of his relationship with the world, isolated him, made him into an arrogant self-centered being who exalts himself above nature. And it is only on this level that religion becomes identified with theology, with the belief in a being outside and above nature as the true God. Originally religion expressed nothing other than man’s feeling that he is an inseparable part of nature or the world.
„God, I have said, is the fulfiller, or the reality, of the human desires for happiness, perfection, and immortality. From this it may be inferred that to deprive man of God is to tear the heart out of his breast. But I contest the premises from which religion and theology deduce the necessity and existence of God, or of immortality, which is the same thing. I maintain that desires which are fulfilled only in the imagination, or from which the existence of an imaginary being is deduced, are imaginary desires, and not the real desires of the human heart; I maintain that the limitations which the religious imagination annuls in the idea of God or immortality, are necessary determinations of the human essence, which cannot be dissociated from it, and therefore no limitations at all, except precisely in man’s imagination.“
Lecture XXX, Atheism alone a Positive View
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)
„Religion is the dream of the human mind. But even in dreams we do not find ourselves in emptiness or in heaven, but on earth, in the realm of reality; we only see real things in the entrancing splendor of imagination and caprice, instead of in the simple daylight of reality and necessity.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Preface to Second Edition (1843)
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„Hegel … proceeds abstractly from the pre-existence of the intellect. … He does not appeal to the intellect within us.“
Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), p. 68
Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy (1839)
„To be sure, the human individual can, even must, feel and know himself to be limited—and this is what distinguishes him from the animal—but he can become conscious of his limits, his finite-ness, only because he can make the perfection and infinity of his species the object either of his feeling, conscience, or thought. But if his limitations appear to him as emanating from the species, this can only be due to his delusion that he is identical with the species, a delusion intimately linked with the individual’s love of ease, lethargy, vanity, and selfishness; for a limit which I know to be mine alone, humiliates, shames, and disquiets me. Hence, in order to free myself of this feeling of shame, this uneasiness, I make the limits of my individuality the limits of man’s being itself. What is incomprehensible to me is incomprehensible to others; why should this worry me at all? It is not due to any fault of mine or of my understanding: the cause lies in the understanding of the species itself. But it is a folly, a ludicrous and frivolous folly to designate that which constitutes the nature of man and the absolute nature of the individual, the essence of the species, as finite and limited.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Introduction, Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), pp. 103-104
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„I have always taken as the standard of the mode of teaching and writing, not the abstract, particular, professional philosopher, but universal man, that I have regarded man as the criterion of truth, and not this or that founder of a system, and have from the first placed the highest excellence of the philosopher in this, that he abstains, both as a man and as an author, from the ostentation of philosophy, i. e., that he is a philosopher only in reality, not formally, that he is a quiet philosopher, not a loud and still less a brawling one.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Preface to Second Edition (1843)
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„The history of philosophical system is the picture gallery of reason.“
Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), p. 68
Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy (1839)
„Christianity set itself the goal of fulfilling man’s unattainable desires, but for that very reason ignored his attainable desires. By promising man eternal life, it deprived him of temporal life, by teaching him to trust in God’s help it took away his trust in his own powers; by giving him faith in a better life in heaven, it destroyed his faith in a better life on earth and his striving to attain such a life. Christianity gave man what his imagination desires, but for that very reason failed to give him what he really and truly desires.“
Lecture XXX, Atheism alone a Positive View
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)
„A subject interests me and holds my attention only so long as it presents me with difficulties, only so long as I am at odds with it and have, as it were, to struggle with it; but once I have mastered it I hurry on to something else, to a new subject; for my interest is not confined to any particular field or subject; it extends to everything human. This does not mean that I am an intellectual miser or egoist, who amasses knowledge for himself alone; by no means! What I do and think for myself, I must also think and do for others. But I feel the need of instructing others in a subject only so long as, while instructing others, I am also instructing myself.“
Lecture I, , R. Manheim, trans. (1967), p. 2
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)
„God did not, as the Bible says, make man in His image; on the contrary man, as I have shown in The Essence of Christianity, made God in his image.“
Lecture XX, see [Lectures on the Essence of Religion, Harper & Row, New York, 1967, 187, Transl. Ralph Manheim] German: [Vorlesungen über das Wesen der Religion, Wigand, Leipzig, 1851, 241]
Lectures on the Essence of Religion http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/feuerbach/works/lectures/index.htm (1851)
„The present age… prefers the sign to the thing signified, the copy to the original, fancy to reality, the appearance to the essence… for in these days illusion only is sacred, truth profane.“
— Ludwig Feuerbach, livro The Essence of Christianity
Aber freilich für diese Zeit, welche das Bild der Sache, die Kopie dem Original, die Vorstellung der Wirklichkeit, den Schein dem Wesen vorzieht … denn heilig ist ihr nur die Illusion, profan aber die Wahrheit.
Preface to Second Edition (1843)
The Essence of Christianity (1841)
„To prove cannot mean anything other than to bring the other person to my own conviction. The truth lies only in the unification of “I” and “You.” The Other of pure thought, however, is the sensuous intellect in general. In the field of philosophy, proof therefore consists only in the fact that the contradiction between sensuous intellect and pure thought is disposed, so that thought is true not only for itself but also for its opposite.“
Z. Hanfi, trans., in The Fiery Brook (1972), p. 75
Towards a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy (1839)
