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Frases de Kenneth Boulding
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Kenneth Ewart Boulding foi um economista estadunidense nascido na Inglaterra.

✵ 18. Janeiro 1910 – 18. Março 1993
Kenneth Boulding: 163   citações 0   Curtidas

Kenneth Boulding: Frases em inglês

“Equilibrium is a figment of the human imagination.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Toward a General Social Science, 1974, p. 29

“[if the automobile is replaced by public trans port] the social structure of cities will revert to the ecological pattern of 1880.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Toward a General Social Science, 1974, p. 257 as cited in D.S. Houghton, B.J. Shaw (1982) "The city in an era of restricted car usage: Some further observations and policy responses". In: Geoforum. Vol 13, Issue 1, p. 19–25,

“It is important to realize that the exercise of any skill depends on the ability to create an abstract system of some kind out of the totality of the world around us. For instance, the carpenter is not interested in wood as a biological or chemical entity. He is sensitive to many of its grosser physical properties but not to many subtler ones. The wood of a carpenter is not the real — that is, the complete substance — but merely wood as a material on which the carpenter can exercise his skill.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, The Skills of the Economist, 1958, p. 9

“The concept of need is often looked upon rather unfavorably by economists, in contrast with the concept of demand. Both, however, have their own strengths and weaknesses. The need concept is criticized as being too mechanical, as denying the autonomy and individuality of the human person, and as implying that the human being is a machine which "needs" fuel in the shape of food, engine dope in the shape of medicine, and spare parts provided by the surgeon.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding (1967) "The Concept of Need for Health Services" in: The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Vol. 44, No. 4, Part 2, pp. 202
1960s

“This concept of capital-rebuilding is so important that it may be desirable to digress for a moment. In the broadest sense of the word, capital means the sum total of the valuable things possessed by the individuals of a society, excluding "claims," that is, mere titles to property. The word is used to mean both the inventory of these valuable things; the houses, factories, machines, livestock, stocks of raw materials, and goods in all stages of completion; and also to mean the sum of the values of these things. It should generally be clear from the context which of these two meanings is intended.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1940s, The Economics of Peace, 1945, p. 5

“[The law of evolution states that] complexity increases in terms of differentiation and structure.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Ecodynamics: A New Theory Of Societal Evolution, 1978, p. 10 as cited in P.P. Kandelaars (1999) Economic Models of Material-Product Chains for Environmental Policy Analysis. p. 13

“There is a kind of second law of cultural dynamics which states simply that when anything has been done, it cannot be done again. In other words, we start off any system with a potential for novelty which is gradually exhausted. We see this in every field of human life, in the arts as well as the sciences. Once Beethoven has written the Ninth Symphony, nobody else can do it. Consequently, we find that in any evolutionary process, even in the arts, the search for novelty becomes corrupting. The "entropy trap" is perhaps the most subtle and the most fundamental of the obstacles toward realising the developed society…”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding (1970) "The Science Revelation". In: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. (Sept 1970) Vol. 26, nr. 7. p. 16
1970s

“General Systems Theory is a name which has come into use to describe a level of theoretical model-building which lies somewhere between the highly generalized constructions of pure mathematics and the specific theories of the specialized disciplines. Mathematics attempts to organize highly general relationships into a coherent system, a system however which does not have any necessary connections with the "real" world around us. It studies all thinkable relationships abstracted from any concrete situation or body of empirical knowledge.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, General Systems Theory - The Skeleton of Science, 1956, p. 197: Opening sentences

“The very act of thinking about power in our lives and experiences creates a process of revelation and self-analysis that may even make us look at ourselves in a new light… thinking about power and its complex manifestations may not simply lead to a better understanding of the abstract complexities of society, but may have an effect on one‟s own image and identity. Perhaps a warning label should be placed on the cover…”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1980s, Three Faces of Power, 1989, p. 259, quoted in: Andrew Mearman (2011)

“The essential measure of the success of the economy is not production and consumption at all, but the nature, extent, quality, and complexity of the total capital stock, including in this the state of the human bodies and minds included in the system. In the spaceman economy, what we are primarily concerned with is stock maintenance, and any technological change which results in the maintenance of a given total stock with a lessened throughput (that is, less production and consumption) is clearly a gain. This idea that both production and consumption are bad things rather than good things is very strange to economists, who have been obsessed with tile income-flow concepts to the exclusion, almost, of capital-stock concepts.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1960s, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, 1966, p. 9-10 as cited in: Mark W. W. McElroy, J.M.L. M. L. van van Engelen (2012) Corporate Sustainability Management.

“The word 'policy' generally refers to the principles that govern action directed towards given ends. Any study of policy therefore should concern itself with three things — what we want (the ends), how we get it (the means), and who are 'we,' that is, what is the nature of the organization or group concerned. Science is concerned with means rather than with ends. The study of "what we want" (objectives) extends beyond the boundaries of the social sciences into the field of ethics. It is not the business of the social sciences to evaluate the ultimate ends of human activity. The social sciences, therefore, cannot give a final answer to the question whether any given policy is right. The social scientist can study what people say they want, what they think they want and may even infer from their behaviour what they really want, but it is not the business of science to say whether people want right things.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, Principles of economic policy, 1958, p. 1-2

“The ability to work with systems of general equilibrium is perhaps one of the most important skills of the economist — a skill which he shares with many other scientists, but in which he has perhaps a certain comparative advantage.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, The Skills of the Economist, 1958, p. 15

“The human condition can almost be summed up in the observation that, whereas all experiences are of the past, all decisions are about the future. It is the great task of human knowledge to bridge this gap and to find those patterns in the past which can be projected into the future as realistic images.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding in the foreword of: Fred Polak (1972) The image of the future http://storyfieldteam.pbworks.com/f/the-image-of-the-future.pdf, p. V
1970s

“With the development of the human race (and perhaps a little earlier), a new structure emerges, which we can call know-what. This consists of the structures in the nervous system which presumably map into some kind of images in the of the 'mind', which also map into structure in the 'real world', whatever that is. Know-what is very different from know-how. The fertilized egg certainly has the know-how to make whatever organism it knows how to make, but it is very doubtful that it knows what it is doing. The remarkable thing about know-what is that it creates know-how, as we see with the fantastic burgeoning of human artifacts under the influence of a science-based technology. Science, fundamentally, deals with know-what and this enormously increases know-how.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding (1984) In: Meheroo Jussawalla, Helene Ebenfield eds. Communication and information economics: new perspectives. p. vii as cited in: John Laurent (2003) Evolutionary Economics and Human Nature. p. 177
1980s

“I was born on January 18, 1910 at 4 Seymour Street, off. London Road, Liverpool, Lancashire, England, Great. Britain, Europe, the world, the solar system, the universe. Writing out my full address like this was a great satisfaction when I was a boy. Seymour Street had a solid row of narrow, four-story houses on both sides, each with a flight of steps leading up to the front door, and what we called an "airy," a rectangular hole in front of the basement window, often with steps leading down to a basement underneath the front door. The streets of the neighborhood spoke of the Napoleonic Wars in the early nineteenth century— St. Vincent Street, Rodney Street, Lord Nelson Street. Close by was dirty Lime Street Station; St. George's Hall, a magnificent classical structure the center of Liverpudlian splendor; the theaters; and the great Picton Library with its huge circular reading room. The neighborhood was very mixed; we belonged to the English minority in Liverpool, a city largely populated by the Irish and the Welsh.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1980s, Illustrating Economics: Beasts, Ballads and Aphorisms, 1980, p. 3

“The social dynamics of human history, even more than that of biological evolution, illustrate the fundamental principle of ecological evolution - that everything depends on everything else. The nine elements that we have described in societal evolution of the three families of phenotypes - the phyla of things, organizations and people, the genetic bases in knowledge operating through energy and materials to produce phenotypes, and the three bonding relations of threat, integration and exchange - all interact on each other.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Ecodynamics: A New Theory Of Societal Evolution, 1978, p. 224

“Canada has no cultural unity, no linguistic unity, no religious unity, no economic unity, no geographic unity. All it has is unity.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding cited in: World Union (Organization) (1982) World union. Vol 22. p. 35
1980s

“[The consumer is] the supreme mover of economic order… for whom all goods are made and towards whom all economic activity is directed.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1940s, Economic Analysis, 1941, p. 613 (rev. ed. 1948) as cited in: Andrew McMeekin (2002) Innovation by Demand. p. 131

“What I have been talking about is knowledge. Knowledge, perhaps, is not a good word for this. Perhaps one would rather say my image of the world. Knowledge has an implication of validity, of truth. What I am talking about is what I believe to be true; my subjective knowledge. It is this Image that largely governs my behavior. In about an hour I shall rise, leave my office, go to a car, drive down to my home, play with the children, have supper, perhaps read a book, go to bed. I can predict this behavior with a fair degree to accuracy because of the knowledge which I have: the knowledge that I have a home not far away, to which I am accustomed to go. The prediction, of course, may not be fulfilled. There may be an earthquake, I may have an accident with the car on the way home, I may get home to find that my family has been suddenly called away. A hundred and one things may happen. As each event occurs, however, it alters my knowledge structure or my image. And as it alters my image, I behave accordingly. The first proposition of this work, therefore, is that behavior depends on the image.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society, 1956, p. 5

“The only religion that still demands human sacrifice is nationalism.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Attributed to Kenneth Boulding in: Russell Francis Farnen (1996) Democracy, socialization, and conflicting loyalties in East and West. p. 52
1990s and attributed

“Mathematics brought rigor to Economics. Unfortunately, it also brought mortis”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Attributed to Kenneth Boulding in: Peter J. Dougherty (2002) Who's afraid of Adam Smith?: how the market got its soul. p. 110
1990s and attributed

“The World is a very complex system. It is easy to have too simple a view of it, and it is easy to do harm and to make things worse under the impulse to do good and make things better.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding (1986) "Proceedings of the 7th Friends Association for Higher Education Conference, Malone College, 1986" p. 4, quoted in Debora Hammond, The Science of Synthesis, Colorado: University of Colorado Press, 2003.
1980s

“We never like to admit to ourselves that we have made a mistake. Organizational structures tend to accentuate this source of failure of information.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Toward a General Social Science, 1974, p. 87 quote in: D.A. Bella (1978) Environment, technology, and future generations

“[Veblenian institutionalism was] part of a much larger movement of dissent, that includes London School Institutionalists, Oxford Antimarginalists and the German Historical School (especially its second generation.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Kenneth Boulding (1957) "A New Look at Institutionalism". In: The American Economic Review Vol 47, no.2, p. 3 as cited in: Klimina, Anna, (2008) " On misuse of the term “institutionalist” in the analysis of Russian academic economics of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: the case of Michail Tugan-Baranovsky (1865-1919) http://www.accessecon.com/pubs/EB/2008/Volume2/EB-08B10002A.pdf" Economics Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2 pp. 2
1950s

“I have been gradually coming under the conviction, disturbing for a professional theorist, that there is no such thing as economics - there is only social science applied to economic problems.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1950s, A Reconstruction of Economics, 1950, p. vii

“Every culture, or subculture, is defined by a set of common values, that is, generally agreed upon preferences. Without a core of common values a culture cannot exist, and we classify society into cultures and subcultures precisely because it is possible to identify groups who have common values.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1960s, Economics As A Moral Science, 1969, p. 12

“Human artifacts not only include material structures and objects, such as buildings, machines, and automobiles, but they also include organizations, organizational structures like extended families... tribes, nations, corporations, churches, political parties, governments, and so on. Some of these may grow unconsciously, but they all originate and are sustained by the images in the human mind.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Ecodynamics: A New Theory Of Societal Evolution, 1978, p. 121

“Just as there are inputs which are supplied by the owner of a business, and whose value therefore is a "virtual," not an actual, expense, so there can be outputs which are consumed by the owner of a business, and whose value therefore forms.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1940s, Economic Analysis, 1941, p. 380

“The world moves into the future as a result of decisions, not as a result of plans. Plans are significant only insofar as they affect decisions.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Toward a General Social Science, 1974, p. 8

“[Boulding grasps the significance of sociobiology's emphasis on biogenetics] that there are biogenetic factors in learning capacity and potential can hardly be denied… [yet] biogenetically imposed limits to human learning… seem to be much more remote… than are the limitations imposed by the biogenetic structure.”

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Kenneth E. Boulding

Fonte: 1970s, Ecodynamics: A New Theory Of Societal Evolution, 1978, p. 21 as cited in: W.R. Brown and M.J. Schaefermeyer (1980) "Progress in communication as a social science". In: Dan Nimmo eds. Communication Yearbook 4. p. 38