Frases de György Lukács

“As artes não teriam história se os limites do mundo conhecido não tivessem recuado e os meios de o conhecer alargado à medida das transformações da vida, tanto na arte como no resto.”

“A consciência de classe é, considerada abstrata e formalmente, ao mesmo tempo uma inconsciência de sua própria situação econômica histórica e social, determinada de conformidade com a classe.”

“A história não se desdobra apenas no terreno traçado por essas instituições. Não se resolve na evolução dos conteúdos, dos homens e das situações etc., enquanto os princípios da sociedade permanecem eternamente válidos. ... Pelo contrário, a história é precisamente a história dessas instituições, das mudanças que elas sofrem como instituições que reúnem os homens nas sociedades. Tais instituições começam controlando as relações econômicas entre os homens e passam a permear todas as relações humanas”

“Conceitos não mediados ... velar as relações entre objetos. ... São, portanto, objetos de conhecimento, mas o objeto que é conhecido através deles não é o sistema capitalista de produção em si, mas a ideologia da sua classe dominante.”

“Os admiradores do Nietzsche "purificado" têm tido dificuldade em associar a sua sanção da barbárie a uma crítica cultural frequentemente sutil e rarefeita. Mas podemos facilmente descartar esta dicotomia. Em primeiro lugar, a união de ultra-refinamento e brutalidade não era de modo algum uma peculiaridade pessoal que exigisse uma elucidação psicológica, mas uma marca distintiva universal, psíquico-moral, da decadência imperialista.”

“Only the dialectical conception of … reality as a social process … dissolves the fetishistic forms necessarily produced by the capitalist mode of production and enables us to see them as mere illusions which are not less illusory for being seen to be necessary.”

“Unmediated concepts … veil the relations between objects. … They are, therefore, objects of knowledge, but the object which is known through them is not the capitalist system of production itself, but the ideology of its ruling class.”

“At this point bourgeois thought must come up against an insuperable obstacle, for its starting-point and its goal are always, if not always consciously, an apologia for the existing order.”

“From a very early stage the ideological history of the bourgeoisie was nothing but a desperate resistance to every insight into the true nature of the society it had created.”

“The highest degree of consciousness, the crassest form of 'false consciousness' always manifests itself when the conscious mastery of economic phenomena appears to be at its greatest.”

“Communist ethics make it the highest duty to accept the necessity to act wickedly. This, he said, was the greatest sacrifice the revolution asked from us. The conviction of the true communist is that evil transforms itself into bliss through the dialectics of historical evolution.”

“History does not merely unfold within the terrain mapped out by these institutions. It does not resolve itself into the evolution of contents, of men and situations, etc., while the principles of society remain eternally valid. … On the contrary, history is precisely the history of these institutions, of the changes they undergo as institutions which bring men together in societies. Such institutions start by controlling economic relations between men and go on to permeate all human relations”

“Bourgeois thought judges social phenomena conscious or unconsciously, naïvely or subtly, consistently from the standpoint of the individual. No path leads from the individual to the totality.”

“The function of these unmediated concepts that have been derived from the fetishistic forms of objectivity is to make the phenomena of capitalist society appear as supra-rational historical essences.”

“Admirers of the ‘purified’ Nietzsche have been hard put to unite his sanctioning of barbarity with an often subtle and rarefied cultural critique. But we can easily dispose of this dichotomy. In the first place, the union of ultra-refinement and brutality was by no means a personal quirk requiring psychological elucidation, but a universal, psychical-moral distinguishing mark of imperialist decadence.”

“Critical philosophy implies above all historical criticism. It dissolves the rigid, unhistorical, natural appearance of social institutions; it reveals their historical origins.”