George Santayana, pseudônimo de Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás , foi um filósofo, poeta, humanista. Nascido na Espanha, foi criado e educado nos Estados Unidos, porém sempre também manteve seu passaporte espanhol. Santayana, que se identificava como norte-americano, escreveu sua obra em inglês e é geralmente considerado parte da intelectualidade daquele país. Aos quarenta e oito anos de idade, deixou seu posto em Harvard e retornou à Europa permanentemente. Wikipedia
“Aqueles que não conseguem lembrar o passado estão condenados a repeti-lo.”
Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
The Life of Reason: Introduction and Reason in Common Sense - página 172 https://books.google.com.br/books?id=cz31jn9wSDkC&pg=PA172, George Santayana, MIT Press, 2011 - 344 páginas.
“A mulher mais solitária do mundo é aquela sem nenhuma amiga.”
The loneliest woman in the world is a woman without a close woman friend
George Santayana citado em "Bursting at the Seams: A Wealth of Wit and Wisdom By, for and about Women", Killy John, Alie Stibbe - Kregel Publications, 2004, ISBN 0825460654, 9780825460654 - 255 páginas
Atribuídos
For an idea ever to be fashionable is ominous, since it must afterwards be always old-fashioned.
Winds of doctrine: studies in contemporary opinion - página 55, George Santayana - Dent, 1913 - 215 páginas
“Os acidentes são acidentes apenas para os ingênuos.”
Citações da Cultura Universal - página 22, Alberto J. G. Villamarín, Editora AGE Ltda, 2002, ISBN 8574970891, 9788574970899
“O moço que não chorou é um selvagem, e o velho que não quer rir é um tolo.”
Variante: O rapaz que nunca chorou é um selvagem, e o velho que se recusa a rir é um tolo.
Fonte: The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy (1911), pp. 48-49
Contexto: Professional philosophers are usually only apologists: that is, they are absorbed in defending some vested illusion or some eloquent idea. Like lawyers or detectives, they study the case for which they are retained.
“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”
This famous statement has produced many paraphrases and variants:
Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
Those who do not remember their past are condemned to repeat their mistakes.
Those who do not read history are doomed to repeat it.
Those who fail to learn from the mistakes of their predecessors are destined to repeat them.
Those who do not know history's mistakes are doomed to repeat them.
There is a similar quote by Edmund Burke (in Revolution in France) that often leads to misattribution: "People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors."
The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress (1905-1906), Vol. I, Reason in Common Sense
Fonte: The Life of Reason: Five Volumes in One
Contexto: Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. When change is absolute there remains no being to improve and no direction is set for possible improvement: and when experience is not retained, as among savages, infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
“Beauty as we feel it is something indescribable: what it is or what it means can never be said.”
Pt. IV, Expression; § 67: "Conclusion.", p. 267
The Sense of Beauty (1896)
“Only the dead are safe; only the dead have seen the end of war.”
Attributed to Plato by General Douglas MacArthur, earliest source found is work of George Santayana who doesn't attribute it to anyone. Plato and his dialogues by Bernard SUZANNE, "Frequently Asked Questions about Plato : Did Plato write "Only the dead have seen the end of war"?" http://plato-dialogues.org/faq/faq008.htm
Fonte: Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies (1922), "Tipperary"
“Theory helps us to bear our ignorance of fact.”
Pt. III, Form; § 30: "The average modified in the direction of pleasure.", p. 125
The Sense of Beauty (1896)
Contexto: In fact, the whole machinery of our intelligence, our general ideas and laws, fixed and external objects, principles, persons, and gods, are so many symbolic, algebraic expressions. They stand for experience; experience which we are incapable of retaining and surveying in its multitudinous immediacy. We should flounder hopelessly, like the animals, did we not keep ourselves afloat and direct our course by these intellectual devices. Theory helps us to bear our ignorance of fact.
“In Walt Whitman democracy is carried into psychology and morals.”
Fonte: The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy (1911), p. 53
Contexto: In Walt Whitman democracy is carried into psychology and morals. The various sights, moods, and emotions are given each one vote; they are declared to be all free and equal, and the innumerable commonplace moments of life are suffered to speak like the others. Those moments formerly reputed great are not excluded, but they are made to march in the ranks with their companions—plain foot-soldiers and servants of the hour.
Fonte: The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress (1905-1906), Vol. V, Reason in Science, Ch. 2 "History"
Contexto: History is nothing but assisted and recorded memory. It might almost be said to be no science at all, if memory and faith in memory were not what science necessarily rest on. In order to sift evidence we must rely on some witness, and we must trust experience before we proceed to expand it. The line between what is known scientifically and what has to be assumed in order to support knowledge is impossible to draw. Memory itself is an internal rumour; and when to this hearsay within the mind we add the falsified echoes that reach us from others, we have but a shifting and unseizable basis to build upon. The picture we frame of the past changes continually and grows every day less similar to the original experience which it purports to describe.
“History is nothing but assisted and recorded memory.”
Fonte: The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress (1905-1906), Vol. V, Reason in Science, Ch. 2 "History"
Contexto: History is nothing but assisted and recorded memory. It might almost be said to be no science at all, if memory and faith in memory were not what science necessarily rest on. In order to sift evidence we must rely on some witness, and we must trust experience before we proceed to expand it. The line between what is known scientifically and what has to be assumed in order to support knowledge is impossible to draw. Memory itself is an internal rumour; and when to this hearsay within the mind we add the falsified echoes that reach us from others, we have but a shifting and unseizable basis to build upon. The picture we frame of the past changes continually and grows every day less similar to the original experience which it purports to describe.
Fonte: The Genteel Tradition in American Philosophy (1911), p. 64
Contexto: Because the peculiarity of man is that his machinery for reaction on external things has involved an imaginative transcript of these things, which is preserved and suspended in his fancy; and the interest and beauty of this inward landscape, rather than any fortunes that may await his body in the outer world, constitute his proper happiness. By their mind, its scope, quality, and temper, we estimate men, for by the mind only do we exist as men, and are more than so many storage-batteries for material energy. Let us therefore be frankly human. Let us be content to live in the mind.
“A child educated only at school is an uneducated child.”
“Why I Am Not a Marxist” http://books.google.com/books?id=O4weAQAAMAAJ&q=educated+only+at+school+#search_anchor “Modern Monthly: Volume: 9″ (April 1935); Page: 77-79.
Other works
"On My Friendly Critics"
Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies (1922)
Fonte: Soliloquies in England & Later Soliloquies
“There is no cure for birth and death save to enjoy the interval.”
"War Shrines"
Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies (1922)
“Fanaticism consists in redoubling your efforts when you have forgotten your aim.”
The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress (1905-1906), Vol. I, Reason in Common Sense
“Skepticism, like chastity, should not be relinquished too readily.”
George Santayana, as quoted in Quotations for Our Time (1977) edited by Laurence J. Peter
Other works