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Frases de Rudolph Joseph Rummel

Rudolph Joseph Rummel foi um acadêmico e professor emérito norte-americano de ciência política na Universidade do Havaí. Passou boa parte de sua vida acadêmica montando uma base dados sobre violência coletiva e guerra, buscando ajudar em sua solução ou eliminação. Rummel cunhou o termo democídio para assassinato pelo governo. Suas pesquisas levaram-no a afirmar que morreram seis vezes mais pessoas por democídio durante o século XX do que em todas as guerras daquele século, somadas. Ele conclui dizendo que a democracia é a forma de governo menos provável de matar seus cidadãos e que uma democracia nunca entra em guerra contra outra.





== Referências == Wikipedia  

✵ 21. Outubro 1932 – 2. Março 2014
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Rudolph Joseph Rummel: 57   citações 0   Curtidas

Rudolph Joseph Rummel: Frases em inglês

“The more constrained the power of governments, the more it is diffused, checked and balanced, the less it will aggress on others and commit democide. At the extremes of Power, totalitarian communist governments slaughter their people by the tens of millions, while many democracies can barely bring themselves to execute even serial murderers.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: Death by Government (1994), p. 2

“Communists, when in control of a nation, have murdered more than 3.6 times the number of people killed in combat in all wars, including the two world wars.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 99

“"The Polarity Principle:" The more government, the more violence. By ‘more government’ is meant more centralization of government power, more intervention in personal, social, and economic affairs and activities, more limits on political criticism and competition, and more narrowing of electoral choices. In other words, by ‘more government’ is meant less freedom, less civil liberties, political rights, and economic freedom.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Libertarianism, Violence within States, and the Polarity Principle,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Jul., 1984), pp. 443-462. Published by Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York.

“Known for centuries, a tenet of classical liberalism, the pacific nature of democracy has become largely forgotten or ignored in the last half-century. That democracy is inherently peaceful is now probably believed by no more than a few prominent peace researchers. In part this has been due to the intellectual defection of Western intellectuals from classical liberalism to some variant of socialism, with its emphasis on the competitive violence and bellicosity of capitalist freedoms. Many intellectuals, and in particularly European and Third World peace researchers, have come to believe that socialist equalitarianism is the answer to violence; others, particularly American liberals, believe that if the socialist are wrong, then at least democracies are no better than other political systems in promoting peace.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Political Systems, Violence, and War,” chap. 14 in "Approaches to Peace: An Intellectual Map", edit, W. Scott Thompson and Kenneth M. Jensen, Washington, D.C., United States Institute of Peace, 1991, pp. 347-370; and “The Politics of Cold Blood,” Society, Vol. 27 (November/December, 1989) pp. 32-40

“Our century is noted for its bloody wars. WW1 saw 9 million people killed in battle, an incredible record that was surpassed within a few decades by the 15 million battle deaths of WW2. Even the numbers killed in 20th century revolutions and civil wars have set historical records. In total, about 35,654,000 people have died in this century’s international and domestic wars, revolutions, and violent conflicts. Yet, even more unbelievable than these vast numbers killed in war is a shocking fact. The number of people killed by totalitarian or extreme authoritarian governments already exceeds that for all wars, civil and international. Indeed, this number already approximates the number that might be killed in a nuclear war.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“War Isn’t This Century’s Biggest Killer, The Wall Street Journal (July 7, 1986)

“In a few cases, regimes have publicized their murders, often to intimidate people. For instance, Communist Chinese government newspapers would report speeches by officials in which one might boast, ‘We killed 2 million bandits in the 10th region between November and January.’ The term bandit was standard lingo for presumed counterrevolutionaries.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“[There is an] unbridgeable chasm in the world. On one side are such criminal gangs, sanctified by the term government, and the United Nations they dominate, enforcing by their guns mass slavery, mass death, mass violence, mass impoverishment, and mass famine. On the other side are democratic countries where people are free, secure, and need not fear mass impoverishment, murder at the hands of government agents, and killing famines.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 12

“By contrast, as Hayek explained in The Road to Serfdom—in his famous chapter ‘Why’ the worst get on top—centralized government power attracts aggressive, domineering personalities. They are the most likely to gain power. And the more power they have, naturally the less subject they are to restraint. The greater the likelihood such a country will pursue aggressive policies. The highest risks of war occur when two dictators face each other. There’s likely to be a struggle for supremacy.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“The more freedom a people have, the more unlikely the government will murder them. Democratically free governments do not murder their own people.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 14

“In my ‘Understanding Conflict and War’ I concluded that the more freedom a state accords its citizens, the less likely it is to be involved in foreign violence; and the more freedom within two states, the less likely there will be violence between them. Moreover, war between free-libertarian-states will not occur, and other violence between them is very improbable… This conclusion about the violence-reducing effect of freedom also extends to conflict within states: ‘the more libertarian a state, the less intense its violence can and tends to become.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Libertarianism, Violence within States, and the Polarity Principle,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Jul., 1984), pp. 443-462. Published by Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York. https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DP84.HTM

“I conclude that nobody can be trusted with unlimited power. The more power a regime has, the more likely people will be killed. This is a major reason for promoting freedom.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Freedom produces wealth and prosperity.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 62

“Possibly 20,000,000 were killed in the war against the Nazis and from Nazi occupation, but many more millions were killed in Stalin’s simultaneous war on his own people.”

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Rudolph Rummel livro Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917

Fonte: Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917 (1990), p. 152

“Then there is the common and fundamental justification of government that it exists to protect citizens against the anarchic jungle that would otherwise threaten their lives and property. Such archaic or sterile views show no appreciation of democide’s existence and all its related horrors and suffering. They are inconsistent with a regime that stands astride society like a gang of thugs over hikers they have captured in the woods, robbing all, raping some, torturing others for fun, murdering those they don’t like, and terrorizing the rest into servile obedience. This exact characterization of many past and present governments, such as Idi Amin’s Uganda, hardly squares with conventional political science.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: Death by Government (1994), p. 26

“Libertarian states have no violence between themselves. The more libertarian two states, the less their mutual violence. The more libertarian a state, the less its foreign violence.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Libertarianism and International Violence”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27, Sage Publications, March 1, 1983, p. 27-71 https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/DP83.HTM

“Power is dispersed through many different families, churches, schools, universities, corporations, partnerships, business associations, scientific societies, unions, clubs, and myriad other associations. There’s plenty of competition, and people have overlapping interests. The social order isn’t controlled by anybody—it evolves spontaneously.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“The more democratic freedom a people have, the less severe their internal political violence.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 63

“Saying that a state or regime is a murderer is a convenient personification of an abstraction. Regimes are in realty people with the power to command a whole society. It is these people that have committed the kilo- and megamurders of our century, and we must not hide their identity under the abstraction of the ‘state,’ ‘regime,’ ‘government,’ or ‘communist.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: Death by Government (1994), p. 8

“Where people are free, political violence is minimal.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 13

“The theory is that democratic systems provide a path to peace, and universalizing them would eliminate war and minimize global, political violence”

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Rudolph Rummel livro Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917

Fonte: Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917 (1990), p. xi

“The less democratic a country is, the move intense its foreign violence.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 109

“Political scientists almost everywhere have promoted the expansion of government power. They have functioned as the clergy of oppression.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“It should be underlined that while the democratic or state socialist believes that socialist governments will be peaceloving and nonviolent, the Marxist-Leninist believes this true of only the final, communist stage of stateless anarchy. The socialist transition period may well involve war with capitalist states, but while this inter-state war is to be avoided if at all possible in this age of nuclear weapons, the world-wide struggle against capitalism must be pursued by all means short of inter-state war. This would involve not only the arts of deception, disinformation, subversion, and demoralization, against capitalist states, but also terrorism and domestic wars through ‘national liberation fronts’. For the Marxist-Leninist, then, it is the communist system that is inherently peaceful, not the socialist intermediary state. This socialist stage means the purposeful, aggressive use of force and violence to pursue the final, global stage of communist peace and freedom.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Political Systems, Violence, and War,” chap. 14 in "Approaches to Peace: An Intellectual Map", edit, W. Scott Thompson and Kenneth M. Jensen, Washington, D.C., United States Institute of Peace, 1991, pp. 347-370; and “The Politics of Cold Blood,” Society, Vol. 27 (November/December, 1989) pp. 32-40

“In the twentieth century, governments murdered, as a prudent estimate, 272,000,000 men, women and children. It could be over 400,000,000.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 75

“In total, communist (Marxist-Leninist) regimes murdered nearly 148 million people from 1917 to 1987. For a perspective on this incredible toll, note that all domestic and foreign wars during the twentieth century killed in combat around 41 million.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 99

“The citizens of democracies are the least likely to be murdered by their own government; the citizens of totalitarian, especially Marxist systems, the most likely.”

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Rudolph Rummel livro Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917

Fonte: Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917 (1990), p. xi

“The more libertarian a state, the significantly less internal violence it has, and the significantly and predictably (in variance terms) lower its possible peak violence.”

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Rudolph Rummel

“Libertarianism, Violence within States, and the Polarity Principle,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Jul., 1984), pp. 443-462. Published by Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York.

“The more people are free, the greater their human development and national wealth. In short, freedom is the way to economic and social human security.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: The Blue Book of Freedom: Ending Famine, Poverty, Democide, and War (2007), p. 13

“In sum, theoretical and empirical research establishes that democratic civil liberties and political rights promote nonviolence and is a path to a warless world. The clearest evidence of this is that there has never been a war between well-established democracies, while numerous wars have occurred between all other political systems;…”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence(1997), p. 114

“The less freedom people have the more violence, the more freedom the less violence. I put this here as the Power Principle: power kills, absolute power kills absolutely.”

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Rudolph Rummel

Fonte: Death by Government (1994), p. xvi