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Piotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin foi um geógrafo, filósofo, escritor, economista, cientista político, sociólogo, biólogo, historiador e ativista político russo, um dos principais pensadores políticos do anarquismo no fim do século XIX, considerado também o fundador da vertente anarco-comunista. Suas análises profundas da burocracia estatal e do sistema prisional também são relevantes na área de criminologia. Foi o autor de livros hoje considerados clássicos do pensamento libertário, entre os mais importantes se destacam A Conquista do Pão e Memórias de um Revolucionário ambos publicados em 1892, Campos, Fábricas e Oficinas de 1899, e Mutualismo: Um Fator de Evolução publicado em 1902. Durante um longo período foi convidado para contribuir também para a Enciclopédia Britânica na escrita de diversos verbetes, entre estes o referente ao Anarquismo.

Nascido príncipe, membro da antiga família real de Rurik, na idade adulta Kropotkin rejeitou este título de nobreza pela sua decepção com a erudição dos aristocratas. Ainda adolescente foi obrigado a ingressar no exército imperial russo por ordem do próprio czar Nicolau I. Nesta mesma época passou a ter contato com a literatura revolucionária da época.

Interessado por geografia, tornou-se explorador do círculo polar ártico percorrendo milhares de quilômetros a pé e registrando diferentes fenômenos relacionados a tundra e outras paisagens árticas. Em suas muitas viagens teve contato e passou a se solidarizar com os camponeses vivendo em condições miseráveis na Rússia e na Finlândia. Este sentimento de solidariedade fez com que Kropotkin abandonasse a atividade de pesquisador. Viajou para o Leste Europeu tendo contato em diversos países ativistas e revolucionários, entre estes os associados de Bakunin e os seguidores de Marx. Em Genebra, tornou-se membro da Primeira Internacional depois partiu em direção à Jura a convite de um anarquista que lhe relatara a força que o movimento adquirira naquela região. Estudou o programa revolucionário da Federação Anarquista de Jura, retornando à Rússia com a intenção de divulgá-lo entre ativistas libertários e populações marginalizadas. Na Rússia voltou a fazer pesquisas científicas, tomando parte em diferentes âmbitos do ativismo libertário.

Foi preso por diversas vezes por sua militância. Seus textos foram publicados por centenas de jornais ao redor do mundo. Seu funeral, em fevereiro de 1921, constituiu o último grande encontro de anarquistas na Rússia, uma vez que este país, desde a revolução de 1917, estava sob o domínio dos bolcheviques marxistas que passaram a perseguir, exilar e aniquilar os ativistas libertários onde quer que fossem encontrados. Wikipedia  

✵ 27. Novembro 1842 – 8. Fevereiro 1921
Piotr Kropotkin photo
Piotr Kropotkin: 146   citações 11   Curtidas

Piotr Kropotkin Frases famosas

“As letras e a ciência só tomarão o seu verdadeiro lugar na obra do desenvolvimento humano no dia em que, livres de toda a servidão mercenária, forem exclusivamente cultivadas pelos que as amam e para os que as amam.”

Piotr Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

A Conquista do Pão

“As liberdades não se concedem, conquistam-se.”

Piotr Kropotkin

“Sabe como eu sempre acredito no futuro. Sem desordem, a revolução é impossível; sabendo isso, eu não perdi a esperança, e eu não a perco agora.”

Piotr Kropotkin

carta a um amigo (novembro de 1920), conforme citado em "Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel" (1990) de George Woodcock e Ivan Avakumovic, p. 428

“Há períodos na vida da sociedade humana quando a revolução torna-se uma necessidade imperativa”

Piotr Kropotkin

The Spirit of Revolt http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/spiritofrevolt.html (1880)

Piotr Kropotkin: Frases em inglês

“Educated men — "civilized," as Fourier used to say with disdain — tremble at the idea that society might some day be without judges, police, or gaolers.”

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Peter Kropotkin

Here Kropotkin seems to be refering to the French philosopher Charles Fourier, and not the French scientist Joseph Fourier.
Anarchism: Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)

“ANARCHISM (from the Gr. ἅν, and άρχη, contrary to authority), the name given to a principle or theory of life and conduct under which society is conceived without government — harmony in such a society being obtained, not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority, but by free agreements concluded between the various groups, territorial and professional, freely constituted for the sake of production and consumption, as also for the satisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirations of a civilized being. In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions. They would represent an interwoven network, composed of an infinite variety of groups and federations of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, national and international temporary or more or less permanent — for all possible purposes: production, consumption and exchange, communications, sanitary arrangements, education, mutual protection, defence of the territory, and so on; and, on the other side, for the satisfaction of an ever-increasing number of scientific, artistic, literary and sociable needs. Moreover, such a society would represent nothing immutable. On the contrary — as is seen in organic life at large — harmony would (it is contended) result from an ever-changing adjustment and readjustment of equilibrium between the multitudes of forces and influences, and this adjustment would be the easier to obtain as none of the forces would enjoy a special protection from the state.”

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Peter Kropotkin

Kropotkin's entry on "Anarchism" in the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910) http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/britanniaanarchy.html

“The State is abdicating and appealing in its holy functions to private individuals. Everywhere free organization trespasses on its domain. And yet, the facts we have quoted let us catch only a glimpse of what free agreement has in store for us in the future, when there will be no more State.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Ch 11 : Free Agreement
The Conquest of Bread (1892)

“Accustomed as we are by hereditary prejudices an absolutely unsound education and training to see Government, legislation and magistracy everywhere around, we have come to believe that man would tear his fellow man to pieces like a wild beast the day the police took his eye off him; that chaos would come about if authority were overthrown during a revolution. And with out eyes shut we pass by thousands and thousands of human groupings which form themselves freely, without any intervention of the law, and attain results infinitely superior to those achieved under government tutelage.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Ch 11 : Free Agreement
The Conquest of Bread (1892)

“It is not sufficient to distribute the profits realized by a trade in equal parts, if at the same time thousands of other workers are exploited. It is a case of PRODUCING THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF GOODS NECESSARY TO THE WELL-BEING OF ALL, WITH THE LEAST POSSIBLE WASTE OF HUMAN ENERGY.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 8 : Ways and Means

“It is absolutely incomprehensible to us that intelligent men — and such are not wanting in the collectivist party — can remain partisans of national or municipal parliaments after all the lessons history has given them — in France, in England, in Germany, or in the United States.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 13 : The Collectivist Wages System

“The great harm done by bourgeois society, as we have already mentioned, is not only that capitalists seize a large share of the profits of each industrial and commercial enterprise, thus enabling them to live without working, but that all reduction has taken a wrong direction, as it is not carried on with a view to securing well-being to all. For this reason we condemn it.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 8 : Ways and Means

“The house was not built by its owner. It was erected, decorated, and furnished by innumerable workers — in the timber yard, the brick field, and the workshop, toiling for dear life at a minimum wage.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 6 : Dwellings

“Collectivism, as we know, does not abolish wages, though it introduces considerable modifications into the existing order of things. It only substitutes the State, that is to say, Representative Government, national or local, for the individual employer of labor. Under Collectivism it is the representatives of the nation, or of the district, and deputies and officials who are to have the control of industry. It is they who reserve to themselves the right of employing the surplus of production — in the interests of all.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 5 : Food, p. 101

“It is evident, as Proudhon has already pointed our, that the smallest attack upon property will bring in its train the complete disorganization of the system based upon private enterprise and wage labor. Society itself will be forced to take production in hand, in its entirety, and to reorganize it to meet the needs of the whole people.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 5 : Food, p. 99

“We must recognize, and loudly proclaim, that every one, whatever his grade in the old society, whether strong or weak, capable or incapable, as, before everything, THE RIGHT TO LIVE, and that society is bound to share amongst all, without exception, the means of existence at its disposal.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 2 : Well-Being for All, p. 71

“Education still remains the privilege of a small minority, for it is idle to talk of education when the workman’s child is forced at the age of thirteen, to go down in to the mine or to help his father on the farm. It is idle to talk of studies to the worker, who comes home in the evening crushed by excessive toil with its brutalizing atmosphere. Society is thus bound to remain divided into two hostile camps, and in such conditions, freedom is a vain word. The Radical begins by demanding a greater extension of political rights, but he soon sees the at breath of liberty leads to the uplifting of the proletariat, and then he turns round, changes his opinions, and reverts to repressive legislation and government by the sword.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches, p. 60

“In virtue of this monstrous system, the son of the worker, on entering life, finds no field which he may till, no machine which he may tend, no mine in which he may dog, without accepting to leave a great part of what he will produce to a master.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches, p. 59

“Thousands of inventors, known and unknown, who have died in poverty, have co-operated in the invention of each of these machines which embody the genius of men.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches, p. 57

“Thousands of writers, of poets, of scholars, have laboured to increase knowledge, to dissipate error, and to create that atmosphere of scientific thought, without which the marvels of our century could never appeared. And these thousands of philosophers, of poets, of scholars, of inventors, have themselves been supported by the labour of past centuries. They have been upheld and nourished through life, both physically and mentally, by legions of workers and craftsmen of all sorts. They have drawn their motive force from the environment.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches, p. 57

“We accustom ourselves and our children to hypocrisy, to the practice of a double-faced morality. And since the brain is ill at ease among lies, we cheat ourselves with sophistry. Hypocrisy and sophistry become the second nature of the civilized man. But a society cannot live thus; it must return to truth or cease to exist.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches

“Millions of human beings have labored to create this civilization on which we pride ourselves today. Other millions, scattered through the globe, labor to maintain it. Without them nothing would be left in fifty years but ruins.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 1 : Our Riches

“The landlord owes his riches to the poverty of the peasants, and the wealth of the capitalist comes from the same source.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 4 : Expropriation

“We are beginning to see that government by majorities means abandoning all the affairs of the country to the tide-waiters who make up the majorities in the House and in election committees; to those, in a word, who have no pinion of their own.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 3 : Anarchist Communism, p. 81

“From the cradle to the grave all our actions are guided by this principle. Open any book on sociology or jurisprudence, and you will find there the Government, its organization, its acts, filling so large a place that we ome to believe that there is nothing outside the Government and the world of statesmen.”

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Peter Kropotkin livro A Conquista do Pão

Fonte: The Conquest of Bread (1892), Ch. 3 : Anarchist Communism, p. 79

“I of course take a negative attitude about a great deal that is happening, and I have said so directly and frankly to many of those who stand at the head of government. They behave well towards me, and many things I asked were carried out. They even proposed that I should take part in their work, but I refused. As an anarchist, I cannot reconcile myself to any government.”

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Peter Kropotkin

About the Bolshevik revolution, as quoted in Peter Kropotkin : From Prince to Rebel (1990) by George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumovic, p. 428