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Frases de Michael Kalecki

Michal Kalecki foi um economista marxista polonês, especializado em macroeconomia.

Na maior parte da sua vida, ele trabalhou no Instituto de Pesquisas de Conjuntura Econômica e Preços de Varsóvia. Foi professor da London School of Economics, Universidade de Cambridge, Universidade de Oxford e da Escola de Economia de Varsóvia.

Foi também assessor econômico dos governos de Cuba, Israel, México e India. Foi também vice-diretor do Departamento de Assuntos Econômicos das Nações Unidas, em Nova York. É referido com um dos economistas mais destacados do século XX e às vezes lembrado como o "Keynes da esquerda", pois desenvolveu muitas das teorias de Keynes antes de Keynes e de um ponto de vista marxista. Todavia, por ter publicado suas obras em polonês, essa precedência não foi reconhecida, e ele continua a ser bem menos conhecido no mundo anglófono. Wikipedia  

✵ 22. Junho 1899 – 18. Abril 1970
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Michael Kalecki: 20   citações 0   Curtidas

Michael Kalecki Frases famosas

“Os fundamentos da ética capitalista exigem que "que você ganhe o pão pelo suor do seu rosto"… a menos que você tenha os próprios meios privados.”

Michael Kalecki

Fonte: Aspectos políticos ocupação plena, in: Selected Essays on the Dynamics ofthe Capitalist Economy, de 1943.

“Em uma democracia, ninguém sabe o que o do próximo governo. Sob o fascismo não existe nenhum próximo governo.”

Michael Kalecki

Fonte: Aspectos políticos da ocupação plena, in: Selected Essays on the Dynamics ofthe Capitalist Economy, de 1943.

“O sistema capitalista não é um regime "harmonioso", cujo propósito seja a satisfação das necessidades dos cidadãos, mas um regime " antagônico" que consiste em assegurar as ganancias dos capitalistas.”

Michael Kalecki

Fonte: "O Problema da Demanda Efetiva em Tugan-Baranovski e Rosa Luxemburgo", 1967

“O aumento do grau de monopólio causados pela expansão das grandes empresas leva para as indústrias em que predominam absorver uma parcela maior da renda total e outras indústrias uma parte menor, ou seja, o rendimento é redistribuído das pequenas empresas para as grandes”

Michael Kalecki

Fonte: Teoria da dinâmica econômica, 1954.

Michael Kalecki: Frases em inglês

“It has been frequently assumed that V is constant; and this indeed is the cornerstone of the quantity theory of money. But it seems fairly obvious that the velocity of circulation in fact depends on the short-term rate of interest.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 6, The Short Term Rate of Interest, p. 73

“The capitalists of a country which manages to capture foreign markets from other countries are able to increase their profits at the expense of the capitalists of the other countries. Similarly, a colonial metropolis may achieve an export surplus through investment in its dependencies.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 3, The Determinants of Profits, p. 51

“In a sense the budget deficit can be considered as an artificial export surplus.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 3, The Determinants of Profits, p. 51

“We have found that the degree of monopoly is likely to increase somewhat during depressions.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 2, Distribution of National Income, p. 31

“It should be noticed that the whole approach is in contradiction to generally accepted views.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 1, Cost and Prices, p. 17

“Thus, even with relatively heavy damping such shocks generate fairly regular cycles.
The result is of considerable importance.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 13, The Business Cycle and Shocks, p. 142

“In any case of the budget deficit the private sector of the economy receives more from government expenditure than it pays in taxes.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 3, The Determinants of Profits, p. 51

“The most important prerequisite for becoming an entrepreneur is the ownership of capital.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 8, Entrepreneurial Capital and Investment, p. 95

“It is the export surplus and the budget deficit which enable the capitalists to make profits over and above their own purchases of goods and services.
The connection between 'external' profits and imperialism is obvious.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 3, The Determinants of Profits, p. 52

“Generally speaking, changes in the prices of finished goods are "cost determined" while changes in the prices of raw materials inclusive of primary foodstuffs are "demand determined."”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 1, Cost and Prices, p. 11

“An increase in the number of paupers does not broaden the market.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 15, Development Factors, p. 161

“It may thus be concluded that in the absence of 'development factors' the system lapses into a stationary state. These factors thus appear to be a prerequisite of a steady growth.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 14, The Process of Economic Development, p. 155

“It should first be stated that a joint-stock company is not a 'brotherhood of shareholders' but is managed by a controlling group of big shareholders while the rest of the shareholders do not differ from holders of bonds with a flexible rate of interest.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 8, Entrepreneurial Capital and Investment, p. 93

“Armaments and wars, usually financed by budget deficits, are also a source of this kind of profits.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 3, The Determinants of Profits, p. 52

“It is indeed paradoxical that, while the apologists of capitalism usually consider the 'price mechanism' to be the great advantage of the capitalist system, price flexibility proves to be a characteristic feature of the socialist economy.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 5, Determination of National Income and Consumption, p. 63

“[C]apitalist savings 'lead' profits. This result may appear paradoxical. 'Common sense' would suggest the opposite sequence—namely, that savings are determined by profits. This, how ever is not the case.”

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Michał Kalecki

Fonte: Theory of Economic Dynamics (1965), Chapter 4, Profits and Investments, p. 55