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Frases de Louis Althusser

Louis Althusser foi um filósofo do Marxismo Estrutural de origem Francesa nascido na Argélia.

Seu nome foi uma homenagem ao seu tio paterno, que havia morrido na Primeira Guerra Mundial. Segundo o filósofo, sua mãe pretendia casar-se com esse tio, mas, após a morte deste e apenas em função disso, casou-se com o pai de Althusser. Ele também acreditava ser tratado como um substituto do tio falecido pela mãe, ao que ele atribui um grande dano psicológico.

Após a morte de seu pai, Althusser, sua irmã e sua mãe se mudaram para Marseille, onde ele cresceu. Em 1937 ele se uniu ao movimento da juventude católica. Althusser era um aluno brilhante, sendo aceito no prestigiado École Normale Supérieure em Paris. Entretanto, ele não pôde freqüentar a escola, pois estava convocado para a Segunda Guerra Mundial e ficou aprisionado na Alemanha. Althusser era um prisioneiro relativamente feliz, permanecendo no campo até o final da guerra, ao contrário dos demais soldados, que fugiram para lutar - motivo pelo qual Althusser se puniu mais tarde.

Após a guerra, finalmente Althusser pôde frequentar a ENS. Entretanto, sua saúde mental e psicológica estava severamente abalada, tendo, inclusive, recebido a terapia de eletrochoques em 1947. A partir de então, Althusser sofreu de enfermidades periódicas durante o resto de sua vida. A ENS foi simpática a sua condição, permitindo que ele residisse em seu próprio quarto na enfermaria, onde ele viveu por décadas, a não ser em períodos de internação hospitalar.

Marxista, filiou-se ao Partido Comunista Francês em 1948. No mesmo ano, tornou-se professor da ENS. Em 1946 Althusser conheceu Hélène Rytmann, uma revolucionária de origem judaico-lituana, oito anos mais velha. Ela foi sua companheira até 16 de novembro de 1980, quando foi estrangulada pelo próprio Althusser, num surto psicótico. As exatas circunstâncias do ocorrido não são conhecidas - uns afirmam ter se tratado de um acidente; outros dizem que foi um ato deliberado. Althusser afirma não se lembrar claramente do fato, alegando que, enquanto massageava o pescoço da mulher, descobriu que a tinha matado. A justiça considerou-o inimputável no momento dos acontecimentos e, em conformidade com a legilação francesa, foi declarado incapaz e inocentado em 1981.

Cinco anos mais tarde, em seu livro L'avenir dure longtemps, Althusser refletiu sobre o fato, pretendendo reivindicar uma espécie de responsabilidade por seus atos quando do assassinato, o que gerou uma polêmica entre seus correligionários e detratores, sobre tal responsabilidade ser filosófica ou real. Althusser não foi preso mas foi internado no Hospital Psiquiátrico Sainte-Anne, onde permaneceu até 1983. Após esta data, ele se mudou para o norte de Paris, onde viveu de forma reclusa, vendo poucas pessoas e não mais trabalhando, a não ser em sua autobiografia. Louis Althusser morreu de ataque cardíaco em 22 de outubro de 1990, aos 72 anos. Wikipedia  

✵ 16. Outubro 1918 – 22. Outubro 1990
Louis Althusser photo
Louis Althusser: 20   citações 0   Curtidas

Louis Althusser: Frases em inglês

“In the battle that is philosophy all the techniques of war, including looting and camouflage, are permissible.”

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Louis Althusser

Fonte: Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists: And Other Essays

“To become 'ideologists of the working class' (Lenin), 'organic intellectuals' of the proletariat (Gramsci), intellectuals have to carry out a radical revolution in their ideas: a long, painful and difficult re-education. An endless external and internal struggle.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 2

“Philosophy is, in the last instance, class struggle in the field of theory.”

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Louis Althusser

Fonte: Essays in Self-Criticism

“I shall call Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) a certain number of realities which present themselves to the immediate observer in the form of distinct and specialized institutions:…
:*the religious ISA (the system of the different churches),
:*the educational ISA (the system of the different public and private ‘schools’),
:*the family ISA,
:*the legal ISA,
:*the political ISA (the political system, including the different parties),
:*the trade-union ISA,
:*the communications ISA (press, radio and television, etc.),
:*the cultural ISA (literature, the arts, sports, etc.).”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 96

“What to children learn at school? They go varying distances in their studies, but at any rate they learn to read, to write and to add - i. e. a number of techniques, and a number of other things as well, including elements (which may be rudimentary or on the contrary thoroughgoing) of scientific' or 'literary culture', which are directly useful in the different jobs in production (one instruction for manual workers, another for technicians, a third for engineers, a final one for higher management, etc.). Thus they learn 'know-how.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p.132

“For you and for me, the category of the subject is a primary ‘obviousness’ (obviousnesses are always primary): it is clear that you and I are subjects (free, ethical, etc.). Like all obviousnesses, including those that make a word ‘name a thing’ or ‘have a meaning’ (therefore including the obviousness of the ‘transparency’ of language), the ‘obviousness’ that you and I are subjects – and that that does not cause any problems – is an ideological effect, the elementary ideological effect. It is indeed a peculiarity of ideology that it imposes (without appearing to do so, since these are ‘obviousnesses’) obviousnesses as obviousnesses.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 116

“The sciences we are familiar with have been installed in a number of great 'continents'. Before Marx, two such continents had been opened up to scientific knowledge: the continent of Mathematics and the continent of Physics. The first by the Greeks (Thales), the second by Galileo. Marx opened up a third continent to scientific knowledge: the continent of History.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 4

“The reproduction of labour power thus reveals as its sine qua non not only the reproduction of its ‘skills’ but also the reproduction of its subjection to the ruling ideology. … It is in the forms and under the forms of ideological subjection that provision is made for the reproduction of the skills of labour power.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 89

“While speaking in ideology, and from within ideology we have to outline a discourse which tries to break with ideology, in order to dare to be the beginning of a scientific (i. e. subject-less) discourse on ideology.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 117

“Marx compellingly proved it in Capital Volume Two, that no production is possible which does not allow for the reproduction of the material conditions of productions: the reproduction of the means of production.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p.128

“The proletariat must seize state power in order to destroy the existing bourgeois state apparatus and, in a first phase, replace it with a quite different, proletarian, state apparatus, then in later phases set in motion a radical process, that of the destruction of the state.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 95

“Class instinct is subjective and spontaneous. … To arrive at proletarian class positions, the class instinct of proletarians only needs to be educated; the class instinct of the petty bourgeoisie, and hence of intellectuals, has, on the contrary, to be revolutionized.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 2

“Like every 'intellectual', a philosophy teacher is a petty bourgeois. When he opens his mouth, it is petty-bourgeois ideology that speaks: its resources and ruses are infinite.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 2

“The number-one philosophical battle therefore takes place on the frontier between the scientific and the ideological. There the idealist philosophies which exploit the sciences struggle against the materialist philosophies which serve the sciences.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 6

“All ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects, by the functioning of the category of the subject. … ideology ‘acts’ or ‘functions’ in such a way that it ‘recruits’ subjects among the individuals (it recruits them all), or ‘transforms’ the individuals into subjects (it transforms them all) by that very precise operation which I have called interpellation or hailing, and which can be imagined along the lines of the most commonplace everyday police (or other) hailing: ‘Hey, you there!”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 117

“The class (or class alliance) in power cannot lay down the law in the ISAs as easily as it can in the )repressive) State apparatus, not only because the former ruling classes are able to retain strong positions there for a long time, but also because the resistance of the exploited classes is able to finds find means and occasions to express itself there, either by the utilization of their contradictions, or by conquering combat positions in struggle.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p.147

“But someone is bound to question … by what right I regard as Ideological State Apparatuses, institutions which for the most part do not possess public status, but are quite simply private institutions. As a conscious Marxist, Gramsci already forestalled this objection in one sentence. The distinction between the public and the private is a distinction internal to bourgeois law, and valid in the (subordinate) domains in which bourgeois law exercises its ‘authority’. The domain of the State escapes it because the latter is ‘above the law’: the State, which is the State of the ruling class, is neither public nor private; on the contrary, it is the precondition for any distinction between public and private. The same thing can be said from the starting-point of our State Ideological Apparatuses. It is unimportant whether the institutions in which they are realized are ‘public’ or ‘private’. What matters is how they function.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 97

“You know what Lenin says about 'intellectuals'. Individually certain of them may (politically) be declared revolutionaries, and courageous ones. But as a mass, they remain 'incorrigibly' petty-bourgeois in ideology.”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Philosophy as a Revolutionary Weapon", p. 2

“Those who are in ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, ‘I am ideological’. It is necessary to be outside ideology, i. e. in scientific knowledge, to be able to say: I am in ideology (a quite exceptional case) or (the general case): I was in ideology. As is well known, the accusation of being in ideology only applies to others, never to oneself (unless one is really a Spinozist or a Marxist, which, in this matter, is to be exactly the same thing). Which amounts to saying that ideology has no outside (for itself), but at the same time that it is nothing but outside”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

for science and reality
Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 118

“I shall call Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) a certain number of realities which present themselves to the immediate observer in the form of distinct and specialized institutions: …”

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Louis Althusser livro Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays

the religious ISA (the system of the different churches),
the educational ISA (the system of the different public and private ‘schools’),
the family ISA,
the legal ISA,
the political ISA (the political system, including the different parties),
the trade-union ISA,
the communications ISA (press, radio and television, etc.),
the cultural ISA (literature, the arts, sports, etc.).
Fonte: Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1968), "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses", p. 96