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Frases de John Stewart Bell

John S. Bell foi um físico que se tornou conhecido como o criador do Teorema de Bell, apontado por alguns na comunidade da física quântica como uns dos teoremas mais importantes do século 20.Nasceu em Belfast, Irlanda do Norte, e graduou-se em física experimental pela Queen's University of Belfast em 1948. Obteve o grau de PhD em Birmingham, especializando-se em física nuclear e teoria quântica. Sua carreira iniciou-se na em Malvern, Inglaterra. Após vários anos ele transferiu-se para a Organização Europeia para a Pesquisa Nuclear , onde trabalhou quase exclusivamente na teoria de partículas físicas e em projetos de aceleradores, mas encontrava tempo para empregar em seu maior "hobby", investigar os fundamentos da teoria quântica.

Em 1964, um ano após ter deixado o CERN , deduziu o seu famoso Teorema de Bell, concluindo que nenhuma teoria de variáveis locais ocultas pode ser válida no contexto da mecânica quântica. Ele foi o primeiro a mostrar que a prova de John von Neumann contra o determinismo da mecânica quântica possuía falhas e que o trabalho de David Bohm contorna as objeções de von Neumann pelo uso de sinais superluminais.

Em 1972 a primeira de muitas experiências que mostrariam a violação da Desigualdade de Bell foi realizada. Este fato mostrou que o destino de teorias envolvendo variáveis locais ocultas estava selado. O teorema de Bell pode ser considerado como uma prova de que uma teoria universal deve envolver mecânica quântica, embora o objetivo original de Bell fosse justamente o oposto.

Bell tornou-se um suporte para a interpretação de Bohm, uma teoria de variáveis ocultas não locais envolvendo sinais superlumiais, e começou a defender o seu trabalho contra aqueles que favoreciam o indeterminismo da mecânica quântica tais como a Interpretação de Copenhague e a Interpretação de muitos-mundos.

Os resultados das experiências, mostrando que eles violavam suas desigualdades, não fizeram John Bell particularmente feliz: ele esperava que eles pudessem sempre ser satisfeitos na natureza, e que as experiências eventualmente negar a mecânica quântica. Apesar de observar as violações, ele manteve alguma esperança que as experiências futuras deveriam mudar a situação. Não obstante, ele estava pronto para aceitar a validade da mecânica quântica ortodoxa. Referindo-se aos teste dos experimentos de Bell, um comentário seu é freqüentemente citado:



"É difícil para eu acreditar que a mecânica quântica, funcionado muito bem para actuais parâmetros práticos, não obstante venham a falhar completamente com a melhoria da eficiência dos experimentos..." Algumas pessoas continuam a acreditar que a mecânica quântica probabilística deva estar errada. Eles argumentam que no futuro, experiências muito mais precisas poderão revelar o que eles conhecem como loopholes, por exemplo, o conhecido "fair sampling loophole", tenham mudado de opiniões. Este ultimo loophole, primeiramente publicado por Philip Pearle em 1970 , é tal que tem aumentado a counter efficiency decrease na mensuração da correlação quântica. A maioria do físicos mais importantes são profundamente céticos a respeito de todos estes "loopholes". Admitem sua existência mas continuam a acreditar que a mecânica quântica está correta Reivindica-se, apesar de tudo, nunca ter falhado todo o outro teste.

Bell morreu inesperadamente de hemorragia cerebral em Belfast em 1990. Seguidores do realismo local e teoria quântica continuam igualmente a procuram por soluções que expliquem as aparentes falhas da realidade local nos experimentos do teste de Bell. Wikipedia  

✵ 28. Junho 1928 – 1. Outubro 1990
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John Stewart Bell: 19   citações 0   Curtidas

John Stewart Bell: Frases em inglês

“The idea that elimination of coherence, in one way or another, implies the replacement of 'and' by 'or', is a very common one among solvers of the 'measurement problem.”

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John S. Bell

It has always puzzled me.
Against 'measurement' (1990)

“To know the quantum mechanical state of a system implies, in general, only statistical restrictions on the results of measurements. It seems interesting to ask if this statistical element be thought of as arising, as in classical statistical mechanics, because the states in question are averages over better defined states for which individually the results would be quite determined. These hypothetical 'dispersion free' states would be specified not only by the quantum mechanical state vector but also by additional 'hidden variables' - 'hidden' because if states with prescribed values of these variables could actually be prepared, quantum mechanics would be observably inadequate.”

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John S. Bell

On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics (1966)

“Theoretical physicists live in a classical world, looking out into a quantum-mechanical world. The latter we describe only subjectively, in terms of procedures and results in our classical domain.”

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John S. Bell Introduction to the hidden-variable question

"Introduction to the hidden-variable question" (1971), included in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (1987), p. 29

“ORDINARY QUANTUM MECHANICS (as far as I know) IS JUST FINE FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES.”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)
Contexto: I agree with them about that: ORDINARY QUANTUM MECHANICS (as far as I know) IS JUST FINE FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES. Even when I begin by insisting on this myself, and in capital letters, it is likely to be insisted on repeatedly in the course of the discussion. So it is convenient to have an abbreviation for the last phrase: FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES = FAPP.

“FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES = FAPP.”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)
Contexto: I agree with them about that: ORDINARY QUANTUM MECHANICS (as far as I know) IS JUST FINE FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES. Even when I begin by insisting on this myself, and in capital letters, it is likely to be insisted on repeatedly in the course of the discussion. So it is convenient to have an abbreviation for the last phrase: FOR ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES = FAPP.

“The concepts 'system', 'apparatus', 'environment', immediately imply an artificial division of the world, and an intention to neglect, or take only schematic account of, the interaction across the split. The notions of 'microscopic' and 'macroscopic' defy precise definition. So also do the notions of 'reversible' and 'irreversible'. Einstein said that it is theory which decides what is 'observable'. I think he was right - 'observation' is a complicated and theory-laden business. Then that notion should not appear in the formulation of fundamental theory. Information? Whose information? Information about what? On this list of bad words from good books, the worst of all is 'measurement.”

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John S. Bell

It must have a section to itself.
Against 'measurement' (1990)

“I am a Quantum Engineer, but on Sundays I Have Principles.”

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John S. Bell

Opening sentence of his "underground colloquium" in March 1983, as quoted by Nicolas Gisin in an edition by [J. S. Bell, Reinhold A. Bertlmann, Anton Zeilinger, Quantum [un]speakables: from Bell to quantum information, Springer, 2002, 3540427562, 199]

“I expect that mathematicians have classified such fuzzy logics. Certainly they have been much used by physicists. But is there not something to be said for the approach of Euclid? Even now that we know that Euclidean geometry is (in some sense) not quite true? Is it not good to know what follows from what, even if it is not necessarily FAPP? Suppose for example that quantum mechanics were found to resist precise formulation. Suppose that when formulation beyond FAPP was attempted, we find an unmovable finger obstinately pointing outside the subject, to the mind of the observer, to the Hindu scriptures, to God, or even only Gravitation? Would that not be very, very interesting?”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)

“Surely, after 62 years, we should have an exact formulation of some serious part of quantum mechanics? By 'exact' I do not of course mean 'exactly true'. I mean only that the theory should be fully formulated in mathematical terms, with nothing left to the discretion of the theoretical physicist… until workable approximations are needed in applications. By 'serious' I mean that some substantial fragment of physics should be covered. Nonrelativistic 'particle' quantum mechanics, perhaps with the inclusion of the electromagnetic field and a cut-off interaction, is serious enough.”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)

“A final moral concerns terminology. Why did such serious people take so seriously axioms which now seem so arbitrary? I suspect that they were misled by the pernicious misuse of the word ‘measurement’ in contemporary theory. This word very strongly suggests the ascertaining of some preexisting property of some thing, any instrument involved playing a purely passive role. Quantum experiments are just not like that, as we learned especially from Bohr. The results have to be regarded as the joint product of ‘system’ and ‘apparatus,’ the complete experimental set-up.”

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John S. Bell

"On the impossible pilot wave" (1982), included in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (1987), p. 166

“The concept of 'measurement' becomes so fuzzy on reflection that it is quite surprising to have it appearing in physical theory at the most fundamental level… does not any analysis of measurement require concepts more fundamental than measurement? And should not the fundamental theory be about these more fundamental concepts?”

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John S. Bell

"Quantum Mechanics for Cosmologists" (1981); published in Quantum Gravity (1981) edited by Christopher Isham, Roger Penrose and Dennis William Sciama, p. 611 - 637

“In a theory in which parameters are added to quantum mechanics to determine the results of individual measurements, without changing the statistical predictions, there must be a mechanism whereby the setting of one measuring device can influence the reading of another instrument, however remote. Moreover, the signal involved must propagate instantaneously, so that such a theory could not be Lorentz invariant. Of course, the situation is different if the quantum mechanical predictions are of limited validity. Conceivably they might apply only to experiments in which the settings of the instruments are made sufficiently in advance to allow them to reach some mutual rapport by exchange of signals with velocity less than or equal to that of light. In that connection, experiments of the type proposed by Bohm and Aharonov, in which the settings are changed during the flight of the particles, are crucial.”

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John S. Bell

On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (1964)

“More generally, the hidden variable account of a given system becomes entirely different when we remember that it has undoubtedly interacted with numerous other systems in the past and that the total wave function will certainly not be factorable. The same effect complicates the hidden variable account of the theory of measurement, when it is desired to include part of the 'apparatus' in the system. Bohm of course was well aware of these features of his scheme, and has given them much attention. However, it must be stressed that, to the present writer's knowledge, there is no proof that any hidden variable account of quantum mechanics must have this extraordinary character. It would therefore be interesting, perhaps, to pursue some further 'impossibility proofs,' replacing the arbitrary axioms objected to above by some condition of locality, or of separability of distant systems.”

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John S. Bell

On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics (1966)

“The first charge against 'measurement', in the fundamental axioms of quantum mechanics, is that it anchors there the shifty split of the world into 'system' and 'apparatus'. A second charge is that the word comes loaded with meaning from everyday life, meaning which is entirely inappropriate in the quantum context.”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)

“1 + P(b, c) ≥ |P(a, b) － P(a, c)|”

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John S. Bell

On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox (1964)

“While the founding fathers agonized over the question 'particle' or 'wave', de Broglie in 1925 proposed the obvious answer 'particle' and 'wave'. Is it not clear from the smallness of the scintillation on the screen that we have to do with a particle? And is it not clear, from the diffraction and interference patterns, that the motion of the particle is directed by a wave? De Broglie showed in detail how the motion of a particle, passing through just one of two holes in screen, could be influenced by waves propagating through both holes. And so influenced that the particle does not go where the waves cancel out, but is attracted to where they cooperate. This idea seems to me so natural and simple, to resolve the wave-particle dilemma in such a clear and ordinary way, that it is a great mystery to me that it was so generally ignored.”

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John S. Bell

"Six Possible Worlds of Quantum Mechanics" (1986), included in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (1987), p. 191

“It can be argued that in trying to see behind the formal predictions of quantum theory we are just making trouble for ourselves. Was not precisely this the lesson that had to be learned before quantum mechanics could be constructed, that it is futile to try to see behind the observed phenomena?”

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John S. Bell

"Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Experiments", included in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics (1987), p. 82 https://books.google.com/books?id=FGnnHxh2YtQC&pg=PA82

“The orthodox approaches, whether the authors think they have made derivations or assumptions, are just fine FAPP — when used with the good taste and discretion picked up from exposure to good examples.”

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John S. Bell

Against 'measurement' (1990)

“Bohr was inconsistent, unclear, willfully obscure and right. Einstein was consistent, clear, down-to-earth and wrong.”

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John S. Bell

quoted in Graham Farmelo, " Random Acts of Science http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/books/review/Farmelo-t.html", The New York Times (June 11, 2010)