1. Citações
  2. Autores
  3. John Richard Hicks

Frases de John Richard Hicks

Sir John Richard Hicks, Kt. foi um economista britânico, professor da London School of Economics e da Universidade de Oxford.

Recebeu o Prémio de Ciências Económicas em Memória de Alfred Nobel de 1972.

Hicks contribuiu com quatro inovações para a economia.

A primeira foi a introdução da ideia de elasticidade da substituição. Hicks utilizou-a para demonstrar que, contrariamente à alegação marxista, o progresso técnico que leva a uma poupança de mão de obra não reduz necessariamente a percentagem de mão de obra do rendimento nacional.

O segundo contributo importante de Hicks foi a invenção do "modelo IS-LM". Este é uma representação gráfica do argumento apresentado por Keynes na Teoria Geral sobre o modo como uma economia pode estar em equilíbrio abaixo do nível pleno de emprego. Hicks publicou o modelo um ano depois da publicação da obra de Keynes.

O terceiro contributo importante de Hicks foi a obra Value and Capital. Nela demonstrou que a maior parte das ideias e convicções dos economistas sobre a teoria do valor pode ser alcançada sem necessidade de recorrermos ao pressuposto de que a utilidade é mensurável. Esta obra de Hicks foi também um dos primeiros trabalhos sobre o equilíbrio geral, isto é, a teoria sobre o modo como os mercados interagem mutuamente e alcançam o equilíbrio.

O quarto contributo de Hicks foi a ideia do teste de compensação. Antes deste teste, os economistas tinham relutância em afirmar que determinado resultado era preferível a outro. E isto porque mesmo uma política que beneficiasse milhões de pessoas podia prejudicar outras. Hicks pergunta: Será que os beneficiados podem compensar os prejudicados na medida total do seu prejuízo, ficando, mesmo assim, em melhor situação económica? Se a resposta for positiva, a política em questão terá passado no "teste de compensação de Hicks".

Autor de várias obras, dentre as quais se destacam Value and Capital , Capital and Growth e A Theory of Economic History . De um modo geral, Hicks examinou os seguintes assuntos em sua carreira:



expectativas, equilíbrio e desequilíbrio

preços fixados e a teoria dos mercados

dinâmica: mudanças, flutuações e crescimento

trabalho, produção e substituição

capital e acumulação

moedas, finanças e liquidez

Keynes e economia keynesiana

causalidade econômica: circunstâncias e explicações

história econômica Wikipedia  

✵ 8. Abril 1904 – 20. Maio 1989
John Richard Hicks photo
John Richard Hicks: 14   citações 0   Curtidas

John Richard Hicks: Frases em inglês

“So long as we confine our attention to income from property, and leave out of account any increment or decrement in the value of prospects due to changes in people's own earning power (accumulation or decumulation of “Human Capital”), Income No. 1 ex post is not a subjective affair, like other kinds of income; it is almost completely objective.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

178-9
Value and capital, (1939)

“Investment of capital, to yield its fruit in the future, must be based on expectations, of opportunities in the future. When I put this to Hayek, he told me that this was indeed the direction in which he had been thinking. Hayek gave me a copy of a paper on 'intertemporal equilibrium', which he had written some years before his arrival in London; the conditions for a perfect foresight equilibrium were there set out in a very sophisticated manner.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Money, Interest and Wages, (1982), p. 6
Contexto: I remember Robbins asking me if I could turn the Hayek model into mathematics... it began to dawn on me that... the model must be better specified. It was claimed that, if there were no monetary disturbance, the system would remain in 'equilibrium'. What could such an equilibrium mean? This, as it turned out, was a very deep question; I could do no more, in 1932, than make a start at answering it. I began by looking at what had been said by... Pareto and Wicksell. Their equilibrium was a static equilibrium, in which neither prices nor outputs were changing... That, clearly, would not do for Hayek. His 'equilibrium' must be progressive equilibrium, in which real wages, in particular, would be rising, so relative prices could not remain unchange … The next step in my thinking, was … equilibrium with perfect foresight. Investment of capital, to yield its fruit in the future, must be based on expectations, of opportunities in the future. When I put this to Hayek, he told me that this was indeed the direction in which he had been thinking. Hayek gave me a copy of a paper on 'intertemporal equilibrium', which he had written some years before his arrival in London; the conditions for a perfect foresight equilibrium were there set out in a very sophisticated manner.

“I can date my own personal 'revolution' rather exactly to May or June 1933. It was like this. It began… with Hayek. His "Prices and Production" is one of the influences that can be detected in The Theory of Wages; it could not have been otherwise, for 1931 was a Prices and Production year at the London School of Economics… I did not in fact find it all easy to fit in with my own ideas. What started me off in 1933 was an earlier work of Hayek's, his paper on 'Intertemporal Equilibrium', an idea which I found easier to reduce to my preferred (Paretian or Wicksellian) pattern.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

John Hicks, The Theory of Wages, 2nd Edition (1963), p. 307

“The standard stream corresponding to Income No. 3 is constant in real terms… We ask… how much he would be receiving if he were getting a standard stream of the same present value as his actual expected receipts. This amount is his income.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Value and capital, (1939), p. 184 as cited in: Asheim, Geir B. "Economic analysis of sustainability." Justifying, Characterizing and Indicating Sustainability (2007): 1-15.

“The purpose of income calculations in practical affairs is to give people an indication of the amount which they can consume without impoverishing themselves. Following out this idea, it would seem that we ought to define a man's income as the maximum value which he can consume during a week, and still expect to be as well off at the end of the week as he was at the beginning.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Value and capital, (1939), p. 172

“The 'new theory of money and the cycle' which is spoken of in the opening paragraph is of course Hayek's. It was from Hayek that I began - where I got to will be seen. Even at the end, I was minimising my differences from Hayek. I could do so because, as I have elsewhere explained (Economic Perspectives, p. 141n), I still thought, like Pigou and Robertson, and Hayek, but by that time unlike Keynes, that 'we were talking about fluctuations, which, since they did not result in complete collapse or complete explosion, could not have engendered an expectation of going on forever. Booms could then be considered as times of high prices, slumps as times of low prices - with regard to some norm, which throughout the which throughout the fluctuations would not be changed, or not much changed'.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Money, Interest and Wages, (1982), p. 28; on his "Equilibrium and the Cycle" (1933), an influential work on the topics of intertemporal equilibrium, monetary theory, and trade cycle phenomena.

“I did not begin from Keynes: I began from Pareto, and Hayek.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Classics and Moderns, (1983), p. 359 : footnote 10: There is evidence for this, in the paper 'Equilibrium and the Cycle'

“There were four years, 1931-1935, when I was myself a member of Hayek's seminar in London; it has left a deep mark on my thinking… At the end of the discussions in that seminar … we were, I believe, on the point of taking what now seems to me to be a decisive step. I was, at least, on the point of taking it myself. There is evidence for that in my "Value and Capital", much of the groundwork for which was done before I left London.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Classics and Moderns, (1983), p. 97

“We must give the system sufficient factors of stability to enable it to work; but we must not assume that these forces are so powerful as to prevent the system from being liable to fluctuations. There must be a tendency to rigidity of certain prices, particularly wage-rates; but there must also be a tendency to rigidity of certain price-expectations as well, in order to provide an explanation for the rigidity of these prices… Indeed we should do better to assume a good deal of variation in different people’s elasticities of expectations… Of course the way in which a population is divided with respect to this sort of sensitivity will vary very much in different circumstances… We have to be prepared to deal with a range of possible cases, varying from that of a settled community, which has been accustomed to steady conditions in the past (and which, for that reason, is not easily disturbed in the present), to that of a community which has been exposed to violent disturbances of prices (and which may have to be regarded, in consequence, as being economically neurotic.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Value and capital, (1939), p. 271–2; as cited in: Roberto Scazzieri, ‎Amartya Sen, ‎Stefano Zamagni (2008) Markets, Money and Capital: Hicksian Economics for the Twenty First Century, p. 161

“Income No. 3 must be defined as the maximum amount of money which the individual can spend this week, and still be able to spend the same amount in real terms in each ensuing week.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Value and capital, (1939), p. 174

“While economic theory in general may be defined as the theory of how an economic condition or an economic development is determined within an institutional framework, the welfare theory deals with how to judge whether one condition can be said to be better in some way than another and whether it is possible, by altering the institutional framework, to achieve a better condition than the present one.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Kenneth Arrow and John Hicks (1972) From Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969-1980, Editor Assar Lindbeck, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992 ( online http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1972/presentation-speech.html)

“Hayek was making us think of the productive process as a process in time, inputs coming before outputs.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Classics and Moderns, (1983), p. 359

“It is not so well known that it [Keynes's and my own move from thinking in terms of price-levels and the rate of interest to thinking in terms of inputs and outputs] is matched by a movement from Hayek to Harrod. I once asked Harrod what had put him on to the construction of his so-call 'dynamic' theory; he said, to my surprise, that it was thinking about Hayek.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

Fonte: Money, Interest and Wages, (1982), p. 340

“There is much of economic theory which is pursued for no better reason than its intellectual attraction; it is a good game. We have no reason to be ashamed of that, since the same would hold for many branches of pure mathematics.”

Help us translate this quote
John Hicks

John Hicks (1979), quoted in: Nitasha Kaul (2007) Imagining Economics Otherwise. p. 76