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Frases de Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle foi um filósofo britânico pertencente a uma geração influenciada pelas teorias de Wittgenstein sobre a linguagem.

Ryle é conhecido principalmente pela sua crítica ao dualismo cartesiano, para o qual ele cunhou a expressão "the dogma of the ghost in the machine" . Algumas de suas ideias sobre filosofia da mente foram consideradas como "behavioristas". Em seu livro mais conhecido, The Concept of Mind , ele escreve que "a tendência geral deste livro será, indubitavelmente e sem conotação ofensiva, ser estigmatizado como "behaviorista".Para Ryle, a tarefa da filosofia seria trazer a clarificação. Para o filósofo há mais de uma forma de descrever as coisas, e não se pode impor apenas uma descrição. Existem expressões sistemáticas ou enganadoras. Quando a substituição de termos resulta em um absurdo óbvio percebe-se claramente que as categorias são diferentes nas proposições. Os enigmas filosóficos surgem quando esta substituição não resulta em absurdo óbvio, necessitando de uma análise. Seus estudos vão chegar à análise dos conceitos mentais, combatendo o mito cartesiano do ‘fantasma na máquina’, acabando com o problema da fusão corpo e alma. Wikipedia  

✵ 19. Agosto 1900 – 6. Outubro 1976
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Gilbert Ryle: Frases em inglês

“Contemporary philosophers have exercised themselves with the problem of our knowledge of other minds. Enmeshed in the dogma of the ghost in the machine, they have found it impossible to discover any logically satisfactory evidence warranting one person in believing that there exist minds other than his own. I can witness what your body does, but I cannot witness what your mind does, and my pretensions to infer from what your body does to what your mind does all collapse, since the premises for such inferences are either inadequate or unknowable.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. II: Knowing How and Knowing That, (10) Solipsism

“It is of first-rate importance to notice from the start that stupidity is not the same thing, or the same sort of thing, as ignorance. There is no incompatibility between being well-informed and being silly, and a person who has a good nose for arguments or jokes may have a bad head for facts.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. II: Knowing How and Knowing That, (2) Intelligence and Intellect

“The mind is its own place and in his inner life each of us lives the life of a ghostly Robinson Crusoe. People can see, hear and jolt one another’s bodies, but they are irremediably blind and deaf to the workings of one another’s minds and inoperative upon them.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. I: Descartes' Myth, (1) The Official Doctrine

“Such in outline is the official theory. I shall often speak of it, with deliberate abusiveness, as "the dogma of the Ghost in the Machine." I hope to prove that it is entirely false, and false not in detail but in principle. It is not merely an assemblage of particular mistakes. It is one big mistake and a mistake of a special kind. It is, namely, a category mistake. It represents the facts of mental life as if they belonged to one logical type or category (or range of types or categories), when they actually belong to another. The dogma is therefore a philosopher’s myth.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. I: Descartes' Myth, (2) The Absurdity of the Official Doctrine

“Myths often do a lot of theoretical good, while they are still new.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. I: Descartes' Myth, (4) Historical Note

“A myth is, of course, not a fairy story. It is the presentation of facts belonging to one category in the idioms appropriate to another. To explode a myth is accordingly not to deny the facts but to re-allocate them.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Introduction
The Concept of Mind (1949)

“There is a doctrine about the nature and place of the mind which is prevalent among theorists, to which most philosophers, psychologists and religious teachers subscribe with minor reservations. Although they admit certain theoretical difficulties in it, they tend to assume that these can be overcome without serious modifications being made to the architecture of the theory…. The official doctrine, which hails chiefly from Descartes, is something like this. With the doubtful exceptions of idiots and infants in arms every human being has both a body and a mind. Some would prefer to say that every human being is both a body and a mind. His body and his mind are ordinarily harnessed together, but after the death of the body his mind may continue to exist and function.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. I: Descartes' Myth, (1) The Official Doctrine

“To see is one thing; to picture or visualise is another. A person can see things, only when his eyes are open, and when his surroundings are illuminated; but he can have pictures in his mind’s eye, when his eyes are shut and when the world is dark.”

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Gilbert Ryle livro The Concept of Mind

Fonte: The Concept of Mind (1949), Ch. VIII: Imagination, (2) Picturing and Seeing